UMTS and Beyond

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UMTS and Beyond Prof. Hamid Aghvami Centre
for Telecommunications Research - Kings College
London Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd
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Mobile System Generations

• First Generation (1G) mobile systems were
  designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.
• Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also
  designed primarily to offer speech with a limited
  capability to offer data at low rates.
• Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected
  to offer high-quality multi-media services and
  operate in different environments.
• 3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile
  Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and
  International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
  (IMT2000) worldwide.

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(No Transcript)
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UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)

• Multi-media
• Multi-environment
• Multi-operator Virtual operators

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Mobile Multimedia Services
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Different Environments for UMTS
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First phase of UMTS

• Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary
  approach for the UMTS core network based on
  migration from the GSM/GPRS infrastructure.
• For the actual air interface, a revolutionary
  approach has been chosen. That is a new radio air
  interface for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  (UTRA).
• There is another parallel activity concerning the
  UMTS air interface using an evolutionary approach
  (an intermediate approach).

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GSM Infrastructure
Public Network
Radio Access
Dual-mode
Evolved GSM Radio Access (GERAN)
NSS And GSNs
PSTN N-ISDN B-ISDN IP-based Networks
New Radio Access (UTRAN)
Dual-mode
Evolution approach based on GSM Infrastructure
Evolution Approach
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Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface

• In this approach the GSM air interface has
  evolved within GSM phase 2 to support higher
  rate data services. The most important
  developments in this approach are
• 1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS )
• 2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD )
• 3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE
  )
• It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
  (GERAN)

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UMTS Phase I
PDN
Internet
PSTN
HLR
Gc
C
GGSN
GMSC
Circuit Switched (GSM)
Gr
Packet Switched (GPRS)
D
Gn
Gs
SGSN
SMSC/ VLR
...
Iu,ps
Iu,cs
Iu,ps
Iu,cs

RNC
RNC
.
.
UTRAN


Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
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Legacy mobile signalling network
Applications Services
Multimedia IP networks
SGW
Mm
Mh
Ms
HSS (HLR)
CSCF
Mg
Cx
Mr
Gi
Gi
Gr
MRF
Gc
MGCF
TE
MT
GERAN
Gi
Mc
Um
R
SGSN
GGSN
Iu-PS
PSTN/ legacy/external
Gn
MGW
Gp
Gi
TE
MT
UTRAN
EIR
Uu
R
Gf
GGSN
Gn
Other PLMN
SGSN
Signalling interface Signalling and data transfer
interface
Simplified architecture for the support of
IP-based multimedia services in 3GPP release 5
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New Functional Entities for the All IP
Architecture

• Call State Control Function (CSCF) executes the
  call control. It is based on the
• IETF Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
• Media GateWay (MGW) provides an inter-connection
  from GGSN to legacy
• circuit-switched networks such as PSTN.
• Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) controls
  the MGW.
• Media Resource Function (MRF) performs
  multiparty call and multimedia
• conferencing functions.
• Signalling GateWay (SGW) performs signalling
  conversion to/from legacy
• mobile signalling network.
• Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is an evolved HLR.

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4G Concept
Towards 4G User centric, user controlled
services and context-aware applications
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4G Concept
What does user controlled services mean?
The user has freedom and flexibility to select
any desired service with reasonable QoS and
affordable price, anytime, anywhere using any
device in a secure manner
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4G Concept
What does context-aware applications mean?
A context-aware application means the
behaviour of the application adapts itself to
user context changes. User context includes
-user profile and preferences. -user device
and access network capabilities. -user
environment and mobility.
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Technologies

• Challenges
• Convergence/integration/inter-working of all
  existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired
  and wireless) networks including broadcast
• Simple to select and easy to use desired services
  
• Universal and low cost terminals

IP Technology
Agent Technology
Reconfigurable Technology
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Network Level Concepts

• Inter-working Concept

• Integration Concept

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Interworking/Integration

• For the design of next generation wireless
  networks two different approaches
• are currently being considered. They are
• - Interworking with next generation Internet
  (tight coupling)
• - Integration within next generation Internet
  (very tight coupling)

• In the first approach, the access network and
  the core network use different IP
• protocols and mechanisms and only the core
  network is considered as a
• sub-network of the Internet.

• In the second approach, both the core and access
  networks use common IP
• based protocols and mechanisms and the access
  network is considered as a
• sub-network of the Internet.

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Inter-Working
Signalling Gateway
SIP Proxy Server
WAP
Accounting
Satellite FES
Context-aware information Centre
Broadcast Networks (DAB, DVB-T)
GSM / GPRS
UMTS
Wireless LANs
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Integration
Applications
AP2
AP3
APn
AP1
Middleware
Service support sub-layer
Location
Accounting/billing
Media conversion
Distribution
Basic network management sub-layer
RRM
MM
C/SM
Security
QoS
ISDN/ PSTN
IP-based transport NW
IP
IP
IP
IP
Internet
Radio
IP
IP
IP
Radio
Radio
General architecture of the IP-based IMT network
platform
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Hierarchical coverage layers for 4G
IP-based backbone
Global coverage
Satellite
Regional coverage
DAB and DVB-T, DVB-S
National coverage
2G, 3G and 4G Cellular
Local area coverage
Wireless LANs
Personal area coverage
Wireless PANs
Vertical Handover
Horizontal Handover
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The complexity of the problem user prospective
From a user prospective Multiple Heterogeneous
network operators part of Multiple user
environments accessed using Multiple
heterogeneous devices owned by heterogeneous
users
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The complexity of the problem network prospective
From a network prospective Multiple
Heterogeneous network operators providing
Multiple services through multiple access
networks to users with heterogeneous devices
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A Heterogeneous Network Architecture
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Inter-working between two radio access networks
Open coupling
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Inter-working between two radio access networks
Loose coupling
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Inter-working between two radio access networks
Tight coupling
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Inter-working between two radio access networks
Very tight coupling
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Inter-working examples - caching
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Inter-working examples user centric

• Delivery options
• Network provides device delivery options
• including cost and delivery times
• User selects desired destination

Content Delivery Notification Content video
clip(15MB) Service Music Clips Company
MTV Please select delivery options Send to
PDA (5 eur) 15min Send to office PC (10 eur)
7min Send to STB (20 eur)-2min
Slide30-40
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Inter-working examples network centric

• Load balancing i.e. Using DVB to multicast or
  broadcast to large number of users
• Handovers i.e. Users in train moving outside the
  coverage of a network

Slide31-40
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Network Selection

• Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria

• Service Type

- Data rate
- QoS

• Available Resources

• User Context

- Environment (When and Where)
- Mobility
- User preferences
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Convergence
Convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANs
Benefits
For cellular mobile operators

• Higher bandwidths.

• Lower cost of networks and equipment.

• The use of licence-exempt spectrum.

• Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.

• Higher revenue.

For users

• Access to broadband multimedia services with
  lower cost and where
• mostly needed (e.g. in Central Business
  Districts and Business
• Customer Premises).

• Inter-network roaming.

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Convergence
Convergence of Mobile Communications and
Broadcasting
Drivers
From broadcaster point of view

• Introducing interactivity to their
  unidirectional point-to-multipoint
• broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband
  downlink based on
• DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on
  2G/3G cellular
• systems.

From the cellular mobile operator point of view

• Providing a complementary broadband downlink in
  vehicular
• environments to support IP-based multi-media
  traffic which is
• inherently asymmetrical.

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Convergence
Benefits

• Broadcasters will benefit from the use of
  cellular mobile systems to
• adapt the content of their multi-media
  services more rapidly in
• response to the feedback from customers.

• Cellular operators will benefit from offering
  their customers a range of
• new broadband multi-media services in
  vehicular environments.

• Users will benefit from faster access to a range
  of broadband multi-
• media services with reasonable QoS and lower
  cost.

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IP Layer Model
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IP Layer Model for WLANs
Higher Layers
Additional IP Functions

• Mobility Management
• Quality of Service
• AAA

• IP Sec
• Ad-Hoc Routing
• etc.

IP Network Layer

• Native IP Functions
• Routing
• Addressing
• Packet Formatting and Handling

• Data Interface
• Error Control
• Buffer Management
• QoS Support
• Segmentation/Reassembly
• Header Compression
• Multicast Support

• Control Interface
• Configuration Management
• Address Management
• QoS Control
• Handover Control
• Idle Mode Support
• Security Management

IP Convergence Layer
Lower Layers
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IP Layer Model

• The functionalities and structure of the IP
  layer model are not
• sufficient and/or efficient to achieve the
  requirements of future
• inter-worked or integrated networks.

• No fundamental changes have been made in the
  design of IPV6.

• The question is

Are some radical changes needed to the IP
layer model in order to offer better solutions
to the convergence issue? If yes,
what are the consequences and implications?
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Agent Definition

• An agent is a software component (object) that
  is situated within an execution environment (e.g.
  computers) and acts autonomously on behalf of a
  user or process and has specific goal.

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Agent Technology

• Mandatory features

• Reactive senses changes in the environment and
• reacts in accordance.

• Autonomous has control over its own actions

• Goal-driven is pro-active

• Optional features

• Collaborative communicates/negotiates with
  other
• agents

• Mobile travels from one host to another

• Learning adapts in accordance with previous
• experience

• Believable appears believable to the end-user.

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Mobile vs. Static Agents
request
respond
Client
Server
request
respond
Client
Server
Software components that can migrate under their
own control from host to host in a network or
between networks
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Mobile Agents

• Mobile agents have already been used for network
• monitoring and service delivery including
  education
• at a distance.

• In an ever-increasing world of service providers
  and
• service packages, a user demands a simple
• approach to the selection of the desired
  service and
• its delivery mechanism in real-time with least
  effort.
• This can be achieved through the use of mobile
• agents.

• The use of mobile agents can also overcome
• the constraints imposed on applications by
• the limited processing power and speed of
• mobile terminals.

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Agent Technology
An open question
Static or mobile agents for wireless
networks? What are the pros and cons?
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Re-configurable Technology
What does Reconfiguration mean?
Reconfiguration refers to the software
re-definition and/or adaptation of every element
within each layer of the communication chain.
BasebandProcessing
User Data
RF Front End
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Re-configurable Technology
Benefits

• Users

- Select network depending on service
requirements and cost.
- Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.
-Access to new services.

• Operators

- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load
balancing).
- Incorporate service enhancements and
improvements.
- Correction of software bugs and upgrade of
terminals.
- Rapid development of new personalised and
customised services

• Manufacturers

- Single platform for all markets.
- Increased flexible and efficient production.
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Re-configuration Procedures
Reconfiguration Trigger
Initiated by network operator or user
ModeMonitoring
Mode Identification
What networks are available?
What is the most suitable network (based on QoS,
user preferences etc.)?
Mode Negotiation
Mode Switch Decision
Decision on preferred mode
Download software modules that are required for
the target mode
Software Download
ReconfigureTerminal
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Re-configurable Technology
CHALLENGES

• Regulatory and Standardisation issues.

• Business models.

• User preference profiles.

• Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria.

• Software download mechanisms.

• Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing
  between operators.

• Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements,
  ADC/DAC etc.)

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Conclusion