The Kingdom Fungi

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The Kingdom Fungi

• Chapter 21

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21-1 The Kingdom Fungi
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What are Fungi?

• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell
  walls made of chitin (a carbohydrate).
• Fungi DO NOT ingest their food, but rather they
  digest food OUTSIDE their bodies and the ABSORB
  it! (Fungi are decomposers)
• Reasons Fungi Not Plants!
• No chlorophyll
• Cell wall not Cellulose
• NO vascular tissue
• Do not photosynthesize
• (Not an autotroph)

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Structure and Function of Fungi

• Structure and Function
• Multicellular (except yeasts)
• Composed of hyphaethin filaments one cell thick
• Cross wallscytoplasm and nuclei can move through
  openings
• Without cross wallscontain many nuclei

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Hyphae Structure Close-Up
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Hyphae With Cross Walls
Section 21-1
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Structure Function of Fungi

• Except for yeasts, ALL fungi are multi-cellular
  and composed of tiny filaments called hyphae.
• The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of
  many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass
  called a mycelium.
• The mycelium is well suited to absorb food.
• The fruiting body is a reproductive structure
  that develops from a mycelium that grows below
  the surface of the ground.

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Fungi Structure
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
Section 21-1
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A Mushroom Fairy Ring
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Reproduction in Fungi

• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
• Asexual
• In some fungi, spores are produced in structures
  called sporangia.
• Sporangia are found at the tips of specialized
  hyphae called sporangiophores.
• Sexual
• Sexual reproduction involves a gametangium - a
  gamete-forming structure produced when the hyphae
  of opposing mating types of fungi meet.

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How Fungi Spread

• How Fungi Spread
• Fungal spores
• Scatter easily in the wind
• Must land in favorable
• environment
• Temperature
• Moisture
• Food
• Some are specialized to
• lure animals, flies
• Disperse spores over
• long distances

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21-2 Classification of Fungi

• Fungi are classified according to their structure
  and method of reproduction
• The 4 main groups of fungi are
• Zygomycota (common molds)
• Ascomycota (sac fungi)
• Basidiomycota (club fungi)
• Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)

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Zygomycota The Common Molds

• Zygomycetes are the familiar molds that grown on
  meat, cheese, and bread.
• Ex Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold).

the rootlike hyphae that anchor the fungus to the
bread are called rhizoids the stem-like hyphae
that run along the surface of the bread are
called stolons
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Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2 p. 531
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid Haploid
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Zygomycota
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Ascomycota The Sac Fungi

• The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a
  reproductive structure that contains spores.
• Ascomycetes are the largest phyum in the kingdom
  Fungi.
• Some are large and some are microscopic.
• Examples cup fungi (large) and yeasts
  (microscopic).

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Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2 p. 533
Diploid Haploid
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Morels are Ascomycete Fungi
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Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus

• Yeasts
• Unicellular fungi
• Ascomycetesbaking and brewing
• Buddingprocess of asexual reproductioncell
  division
• Alcoholic fermentation to obtain energy
• Byproductscarbon dioxide and alcohol

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Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
Candida sp.
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Some Ascomycetes
Scarlet Cup Fungus
Morel
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Ascomycota
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Sac Fungi - Ascomycota
CUP FUNGI (visible to the eye)
YEASTS (microscopic)
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Basidiomycota The Club Fungi

• The phylum Basidiomycota gets its name from a
  specialized reproductive structure (called a
  basidium) that resembles a club.
• Includes
• Mushrooms
• Shelf fungi
• Puffballs
• Earthstars
• Jelly fungi
• Plant rusts
• Birds nest fungi

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Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
Section 21-2 p. 534
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Haploid Diploid
MEIOSIS
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Mushrooms Club Like Fungi or Basidiomycete
Fungi
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Bracket Fungi Basidiomycete Fungi
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Some Basidiomycetes
Shelf Fungi
Giant Puffball
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Basidiomycete or Club Fungi
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Basidiomycota
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The Club Fungi

• Diversity of Club Fungi
• Mushrooms
• Shelf fungi
• Puffballs
• Earthstars
• Jelly fungi
• Rusts
• Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
• Almost identical
• Some inedible can cause severe illness or death

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Diversity of Club Fungi
PUFFBALL
EARTH STAR
MUSHROOM
BIRDS NEST FUNGI
SHELF FUNGI
JELLY FUNGI
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Deuteromycota The Imperfect Fungi

• Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum
  composed of those fungi that are not placed in
  other phyla.
• The term imperfect implies that these fungi do
  not appear to have sexual reproduction.
• Ex Penicillium notatum the source of
  antibiotic penicillin.

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Deutoeromycota
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Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no
sexual stage has been observed in their life
cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not
necessarily similar in structure or appearance
do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic
coming from many ancestors hmm weird ?
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Truffles
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Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are
irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a
walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times
of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been
used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs,
and as medicines. They are among the most
expensive of the world's natural foods, often
commanding as much as 250 to 450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of
female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to
detect the strong smell of mature truffles
underneath the surface of the ground. The female
pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical
that is similar to the male swine sex attractant.
The use of dogs to find truffles is also and
option.
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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
• Saprobes - Organisms that obtain food from
  decaying organic matter
• Parasites - which harm other orgnisms
• Symbionts - live in close and mutually beneficial
  association with other species
• Capture live animals
• Pleurotus ostreatus
• Lives on the sides of trees and trap worms to
  digest them

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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi as Decomposers
• Maintain equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem by
  recycling nutrients
• Release digestive enzymes that break down organic
  material into simple molecules which diffuse into
  the fungus

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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi as Parasites
• Cause serious plant and animal diseases and a few
  cause diseases in humans
• Plant Diseases
• Smuts, mildews, rusts

Corn smut
Plant mildew
Spruce rust
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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal
  diseases
• wheat rust
• mildew on fruit

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Corn Smut
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Penicillium
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Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Rust infecting a Leaf
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Human Diseases
• Athletes foot, ringworm
• Candida albicans (yeast)oral thrush
• Bacteria and yeast in the human body keep each
  other in check

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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Other Animal Diseases
• Cordycepsgrasshoppers in rain forests in Costa
  Rica

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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualistic (both benefit)
• Lichens
• Fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium or both
• Live mostly on bare rock and in places that most
  other organisms cannot live
• Break down rock into soil
• Autotroph makes food, fungus absorbs water and
  nutrients and serves as an anchor

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Lichens Symbiotic Partnerships
Algal Layer
Fungal Hyphae
AttachmentStructure
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Lichens Covering a Rock
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Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They
have an ____________ fungus and a _________ or
cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen
growth forms which are predominant in nature
_____________________ ____________________________
_
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Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose
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Symbiotic Relationships

• Lichens
• A symbiotic associations between a fungus and a
  photosynthetic organism.
• Lichen can grow on dry, bare rock and are often
  the first organisms to inhabit an area (pioneer
  species).
• The lichen break down the bare rock, allowing
  other plants to grow.

lichen
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Symbiotic Relationships

• Mycorrhizae
• A symbiotic associations of plant roots and
  fungi.
• Fungi increases the surface area of the plants
  roots.
• Its presence is often necessary for the growth of
  many plants.

mycorrhizae
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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

• Mycorrhizae
• Plant roots and fungi
• Plant roots provide energy and fungus provides a
  large surface area for more absorption of water
  and minerals

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Mycorrhizae Enhance Plant Growth
Mycorrhizae
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Phylum Exs Characteristics Asexual Sexual
Zygomycota Bread Mold Rhizopus a dung fungus Chitin cell walls Coenocytic hyphae lack crosswalls Unflagel. spores drop from sporangia Gametangia fuse to create zygospore
Ascomycota Yeast, morels, truffles Conidia on conidophores Hyphae - fuse to create ascospores in ascus
Basidiomycota Mushrooms Puffballs, rusts, smuts Cross walls in hyphae Asexual by way of Conidophores which produce conidiospores Sexual when hyphae fuse in BASIDIA to produce basidiospores
Fungi Imperfecti Deuteromycota Penicillium, Athletes Foot fungus, Tomato Blight Similar To Basidio and Zygomy Asexual by conidia which produce conidophores Sexual repro Not known