Internet Protocol version 6

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Introduction

• "Internet Protocol version 6"

Presenter Veena Merz Manager Cisco Networking
Area Academy
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Why a new Version for IP ?

• Objective
• To describes the problems of the IPv4 Internet
  and how they are solved by IPv6.

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IPv4

• The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or
  IPv4) has not been substantially changed since
  RFC 791 was published in 1981.
• IPv4 has proven to be robust, easily implemented
  and interoperable
• It has stood the test of scaling an internetwork
  to a global utility the size of todays Internet.
  
• This is a tribute to its initial design.

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Historical Facts

• In 1983
• Research network for 100 computers

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Limitations of IPv4

• 1992 Commercial activity and exponential growth
• The recent exponential growth of the Internet and
  the impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address
  space.
• IPv4 addresses have become relatively scarce,
  forcing some organizations to use a Network
  Address Translator (NAT) to map multiple private
  addresses to a single public IP address.
• While NATs promote reuse of the private address
  space, they do not support standards-based
  network layer security or the correct mapping of
  all higher layer protocols
• Additionally, the rising prominence of
  Internet-connected devices and appliances ensures
  that the public IPv4 address space will
  eventually be depleted.

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Limitations of IPv4

• The growth of the Internet and the ability of
  Internet backbone routers to maintain large
  routing tables.
• Because of the way that IPv4 address prefixes
  have been and are currently allocated, there are
  routinely over 85,000 routes in the routing
  tables of Internet backbone routers.
• The current IPv4 Internet routing infrastructure
  is a combination of both flat and hierarchical
  routing.

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Limitations of IPv4

• The need for simpler configuration.
• Most current IPv4 implementations must be either
  manually configured or use a stateful address
  configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host
  Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• With more computers and devices using IP, there
  is a need for a simpler and more automatic
  configuration of addresses and other
  configuration settings that do not rely on the
  administration of a DHCP infrastructure.

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Limitations of IPv4

• The requirement for security at the IP level
• Private communication over a public medium like
  the Internet requires encryption services that
  protect the data being sent from being viewed or
  modified in transit.
• Although a standard now exists for providing
  security for IPv4 packets (known as Internet
  Protocol security or IPsec), this standard is
  optional and proprietary solutions are prevalent.

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Limitations of IPv4

• The need for better support for real-time
  delivery of dataalso called quality of service
  (QoS)
• While standards for QoS exist for IPv4, real-time
  traffic support relies on the IPv4 Type of
  Service (TOS) field and the identification of the
  payload, typically using a UDP or TCP port.
• Unfortunately, the IPv4 TOS field has limited
  functionality and over time there were various
  local interpretations.
• In addition, payload identification using a TCP
  and UDP port is not possible when the IPv4 packet
  payload is encrypted.

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IPv4/8 Address Space Status (Sept. 2005)
Sources from NRO (Number Resource Organization)
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Status of 256 /8sIPv4 Address Space
http//www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
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IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
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IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
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ASN Assignments RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
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ASN AssignmentsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 Jun 2007)
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IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
issued as /23s prior to Oct 06
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IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
issued Oct 06
RIR IPv6 Address
AfriNIC 2C000000/12
APNIC 24000000/12
ARIN 26000000/12
LACNIC 28000000/12
RIPE NCC 2A000000/12
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IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Yearly Comparison
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IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 Jun 2007)
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Links to RIR Statistics

• RIR Statswww.nro.net/statistics
• Raw Data/Historical RIR Allocationswww.aso.icann
  .org/stats
• www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space
• www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers
• www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-
  assignments

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Emergency Measures
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1. CIDR

• Allocate exceptionally class B addresses
• Re-use class C address space
• CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing)
• RFC 1519 (PS)
• network address prefix/prefix length
• less address waste
• allows aggregation (reduces routing table size)

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2. NAT

• Advantages
• Reduce the need of official addresses
• Ease the internal addressing plan
• Transparent to some applications
• SecurityNetadmins/sysadmin

• Disadvantages
• Translation sometime complex (e.g. FTP)
• Apps using dynamic ports
• Does not scale
• Introduce states inside the network
• Multihomednetworks
• Breaks the end-to-end paradigm
• Security with IPsecgt

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3. Private Addresses(RFC 1918 BCP)

• Allow private addressing plans
• Addresses are used internally
• Similar to security architecture with firewall
• Use of proxies or NAT to go outside
• RFC 1631, 2663 and 2993
• NAT-PT is the most commonly used of NAT variations

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• IPv6 .

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IPv6 Background
The recommended proposal was SIPP with 126 bit
address size.
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Architects of IPv6 ProtocolSteven Deering and
Robert Hinden
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History of IPv6
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IPv6 Features

• New header format
• Large address space
• Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
  infrastructure
• Stateless and stateful address configuration
• Built-in security
• Better support for prioritized delivery
• New protocol for neighboring node interaction
• Extensibility

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• What about IP Version 5 (IPv5) ?

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IPv5 Overview

• The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was an
  experimental protocol defined in 1979 in IEN 119
  (Internet Engineering Note), and was later
  revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2).
• ST was experimental packet carrying non - IP
  real- time stream protocol.
• ST was envisioned to be the connection oriented
  complement to IPv4, but it has never been
  introduced for public usage.
• Many of the concepts available in ST can be found
  today in MPLS.
• IPv5 never existed.
• In datagram mode, ST was assigned Internet
  Protocol version number 5.
• The version number "5" in the IP header was
  assigned to ST.
• ST was never widely used, but since the version
  number 5 had already been allocated the new
  version

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Viewing Global Routing Table

• C/gttelnet router-server.ip.att
  .net

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Viewing Global Routing Table
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Viewing Global Routing Table
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Q A