Flow Measurement

1
Flow Measurement

• Mark Murphy, PE
• Technical Director, Fluor Corp.

2
COMMONLY USED FLOW DEVICES

• Differential Pressure (Head) Type
• Orifice Plate - Concentric, Eccentric, Segmental,
  Quadrant Edge, Integral, Conditioning
• Venturi Tube
• Flow Nozzles
• Elbow
• Pitot Tube, Averaging Pitot Tube (Annubar)
• Variable Area (Rotameter)
• Wedge Meter
• V-Cone
• Mass Type measures the mass flow rate directly.
• Coriolis
• Thermal
• Velocity Type
• Magnetic
• Ultrasonic - Transit Time, Doppler
• Turbine
• Vortex
• Open Channel Type
• Weir

3
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS

• DENSITY (r)
• A Measure Of Mass Per Unit Of Volume (lb/ft3 or
  kg/M3).
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• The Ratio Of The Density Of A Material To The
  Density Of Water Or Air Depending On Whether It
  Is A Liquid Or A Gas.
• COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
• Fluids (Such As Gasses) Where The Volume Changes
  With Respect To Changes In The Pressure. These
  Fluids Experience Large Changes In Density Due To
  Changes In Pressure.
• NON-COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
• Fluids (Generally Liquids) Which Resist Changes
  In Volume As The Pressure Changes. These Fluids
  Experience Little Change In Density Due To
  Pressure Changes.

4
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS

• Linear
• Transmitter output is directly proportional to
  the flow input.
• Square Root
• Flow is proportional to the square root of the
  measured value.
• Beta Ratio (d/D)
• Ratio of a differential pressure flow device bore
  (d) divided by internal diameter of pipe (D).
• A higher Beta ratio means a larger orifice size.
  A larger orifice plate bore size means greater
  flow capacity and a lower permanent pressure
  loss.
• Pressure Head
• The Pressure At A Given Point In A Liquid
  Measured In Terms Of The Vertical Height Of A
  Column Of The Liquid Needed To Produce The Same
  Pressure.

5
FLOW MEASUREMENT - UNITS

• Flow is measured as a quantity (either volume or
  mass) per unit time
• Volumetric units
• Liquid
• gpm, bbl/day, m3/hr, liters/min, etc.
• Gas or Vapor
• ft3/hr, m3/hr, etc.
• Mass units (either liquid, gas or vapor)
• lb/hr, kg/hr, etc.
• Flow can be measured in accumulated (totalized)
  total amounts for a time period
• gallons, liters, meters passed in a day, etc.

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LAMINAR FLOW

• Laminar Flow - Is Characterized By Concentric
  Layers Of Fluid Moving In Parallel Down The
  Length Of A Pipe. The Highest Velocity (Vmax) Is
  Found In The Center Of The Pipe. The Lowest
  Velocity (V0) Is Found Along The Pipe Wall.

7
TURBULENT FLOW

• Turbulent Flow - Is Characterized By A Fluid
  Motion That Has Local Velocities And Pressures
  That Fluctuate Randomly. This Causes The
  Velocity Of The Fluid In The Pipe To Be More
  Uniform Across A Cross Section.

8
REYNOLDS NUMBER

• The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial
  forces (velocity and density that keep the fluid
  in motion) to viscous forces (frictional forces
  that slow the fluid down) and is used for
  determining the dynamic properties of the fluid
  to allow an equal comparison between different
  fluids and flows.
• Laminar Flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers,
  where viscous forces are dominant, and is
  characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion
• Turbulent Flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers
  and is dominated by inertial forces, producing
  random eddies, vortices and other flow
  fluctuations.
• The Reynolds number is the most important value
  used in fluid dymanics as it provides a criterion
  for determining similarity between different
  fluids, flowrates and piping configurations.

9
REYNOLDS NUMBER
10
IDEAL GAS LAW

• An Ideal Gas or perfect gas is a hypothetical gas
  consisting of identical particles with no
  intermolecular forces. Additionally, the
  constituent atoms or molecules undergo perfectly
  elastic collisions with the walls of the
  container. Real gases act like ideal gases at low
  pressures and high temperatures.
• Real Gases do not exhibit these exact properties,
  although the approximation is often good enough
  to describe real gases. The properties of real
  gases are influenced by compressibility and other
  thermodynamic effects.

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IDEAL GAS LAW

• PV nRT
• Where P Pressure (psia)
• V Volume (FT3)
• n Number of Moles of Gas
• (1 mole 6.02 x 1023 molecules)
• R Gas Constant (10.73 FT3 PSIA / lb-mole oR)
• T Temperature (oR)

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REAL GASES

• Compressibility Factor (Z) - The term
  "compressibility" is used to describe the
  deviance in the thermodynamic properties of a
  real gas from those expected from an ideal gas.
• Real Gas Behavior can be calculated as
• PV nZRT

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STANDARD CONDITIONS

• P 14.7 PSIA
• T 520 deg R (60 deg F)
• Behavior of gases in a process can be equally
  compared by using standard conditions This is
  due to the nature of gases.

14
ACTUAL CONDITIONS

• Standard conditions can be converted to Actual
  Conditions using the Ideal Gas Law.

15
BERNOULLIS LAW

• Bernoulli's Law Describes The Behavior Of An
  Ideal Fluid Under Varying Conditions In A Closed
  System. It States That The Overall Energy Of The
  Fluid As It Enters The System Is Equal To The
  Overall Energy As It Leaves.
• PE1 KE1 PE2 KE2
• PE Potential Energy
• KE Kinetic Energy

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BERNOULLIS EQUATION

• Bernoullis Law Is Described By The Following
  Equation For An Ideal Fluid.

17
HEAD METER THEORY OF OPERATION
Beta Ratio b d/D Should Be 0.3 0.75 Meter
Run Dependent On Piping Normally 20 Diameters
Upstream 5 Diameters Downstream
18
dP METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
Flow is measured by creating a pressure drop and
applying the flow equation below. Basic Flow
Equation for single phase compressible and
non-compressible fluids
qm Flow C Constant e Expansion Factor a
Orifice Area Dp P1 - P2 r1 Density b d /
D d Diameter of Orifice D Diameter of Pipe
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METER RANGEABILITY
The square root functions impact on a
differential pressure device limits the
measurement turndown (rangeability) to between
41 and 61.
METER RANGEABILITY
MAXIMUM METER HEAD
NORMAL RANGE
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
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ORIFICE PLATE

• A simple device, considered a precision
  instrument. It is simply a piece of flat metal
  with a flow-restricting bore that is inserted
  into the pipe between flanges. The orifice meter
  is well understood, rugged and inexpensive. Its
  accuracy under ideal conditions is in the range
  of 0.75-1.5. It can be sensitive to a variety of
  error-inducing conditions, such as if the plate
  is eroded or damaged.

Orifice Plate
Orifice Flanges
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CONCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE

• The most common orifice plate is the square-edged
  concentric bored orifice plate. The concentric
  bored orifice plate is the dominant design
  because of its proven reliability in a variety of
  applications and the extensive amount of research
  conducted on this design. It is easily reproduced
  at a relatively low cost. It is used to measure a
  wide variety of single phase, liquid and gas
  products, typically in conjunction with flange
  taps.

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ECCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE
Eccentrically bored plates are plates with the
orifice off center, or eccentric, as opposed to
concentric. This type of plate is most commonly
used to measure fluids which carry a small amount
of non-abrasive solids, or gases with small
amounts of liquid, since with the opening at the
bottom of the pipe, the solids and liquids will
carry through, rather than collect at the orifice
plate. A higher degree of uncertainty as compared
to the concentric orifice. Eccentric orifice
plates are used in many industries including
heavy and light chemicals and petrochemicals.
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QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE PLATE
The quadrant, quadrant edge or quarter-circle
orifice is recommended for measurement of fluids
with high viscosity which have pipe Reynolds
Numbers below 10,000. The orifice incorporates a
rounded edge of definite radius which is a
particular function of the orifice
diameter. Quadrant in U.S. Conical in Europe
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INTEGRAL ORIFICE PLATE

• Integral Orifice Plate
• identical to a square-edged orifice plate
  installation except that the plate, flanges and
  DP transmitter are supplied as one unit.
• used for small lines (typically under 2) and is
  relatively inexpensive to install since it is
  part of the transmitter

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CONDITIONING ORIFICE PLATE

• The Conditioning Orifice Plate is designed to be
  installed downstream of a variety of disturbances
  with minimal straight pipe run, providing
  superior performance.
• Requires only two diameters of straight pipe run
  after an upstream flow disturbance
• Reduced installation costs
• Easy to use, prove, and troubleshoot
• Good for most gas, liquid, and steam as well as
  high temperature and high pressure applications

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VENT AND WEEP HOLES
There are times when a gas may be have a small
amount of liquid or a liquid may have a small
amount of gas but not enough in either case to
warrant the use of an eccentric orifice. In
these cases it is best to simply add a small hole
near the edge of the plate, flush with the inside
diameter of the pipe, allowing undesired
substances to pass through the plate rather than
collect on the upstream side. If such a hole is
oriented upward to pass vapor bubbles, it is
called a vent hole. If the hole is oriented
downward to pass liquid droplets, it is called a
drain hole.
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ORIFICE PLATE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

• Quadrant Edge Orifice Plate can be considered if
  Reynolds number is too low.
• Orifice plate must be specified with proper
  flange rating to account for proper bolt circle.
• Typical acceptable beta ratio is .25 to .7 for
  non commerce meter, .3 to .6 for accounting meter
  but also check specifications.
• Assure that calculation accounts for vent or
  drain hole, if required.
• For dual transmitter installation on a common set
  of orifice flanges, custom tap locations must be
  specified.

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Gas
ORIFICE PLATE TAP LOCATIONS

• Differential pressure is measured through
  pressure taps located on each side of the orifice
  plate. Pressure taps can be positioned at a
  variety of different locations.
• Flange Taps
• Corner Taps
• Radius Taps
• Vena-Contracta Taps
• Pipe Taps

Orifice taps in horizontal lines should be as
follows
Liquid or Steam
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VENTURI TUBE

• In a Venturi tube, the fluid is accelerated
  through a converging cone, inducing a local
  pressure drop. An expanding section of the meter
  then returns the flow to near its original
  pressure. These instruments are often selected
  where it is important not to create a significant
  pressure drop and where good accuracy is
  required.
• Used when higher velocity and pressure recovery
  is required.
• May be used when a small, constant percentage of
  solids is present.

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FLOW NOZZLE

• DP Type Flowmeter
• Used when higher velocity pressure recovery are
  required
• Better suited for gas service than for liquid

31
WEDGE METER
Wedge flow meters can be used on just about any
liquid or gas, just like orifice plates. However
they are generally chosen for dirty service
applications, or high viscosity applications such
as slurry or heavy oil, or where solids are
present. For regular service applications
consider other types of meters first unless wedge
meters are specified by customer as
preferred. Since they are a differential pressure
device their sizing calculation is similar to
that of other dP flowmeters.

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V-CONE

• The V-Cone is similar to other differential
  pressure (Dp) meters in the equations of flow
  that it uses. V-Cone geometry, however, is quite
  different from traditional Dp meters. The V-Cone
  constricts the flow by positioning a cone in the
  center of the pipe. This forces the flow in the
  center of the pipe to flow around the cone.
  V-cones can be used with viscous fluids and
  require little straight run.

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Multivariable Pressure Transmitter

• A Multivariable pressure transmitter provides
  gauge pressure, differential pressure, and
  temperature measurement in a single instrument.
• Uses Smart digital HART communications for
  multiple measurements.
• Minimizes the number of transmitters and process
  connections

34
PITOT TUBE
In a pitot tube (insertion DP meter), a probe
consisting of two parts senses two pressures
impact (dynamic) and static. The impact pressure
is sensed by one impact tube bent toward the flow
(dynamic head). The averaging-type pitot tube has
four or more pressure taps located at
mathematically defined locations, averaging the
velocity profile across the pipe or flow area, to
measure the dynamic pressure. The static pressure
is sensed through a small hole on the side
(static head). They develop low differential
pressure and like all head meters they use a
differential pressure transmitter to convert the
flow to an electrical transmission signal.
35
PITOT TUBE FLOW PRINCIPLES
Pitot tubes make use of dynamic pressure
difference. Orifices in the leading face
register total head pressure, dynamic static,
while the hole in the trailing face only conveys
static pressure. Pressure difference between the
two gives dynamic pressure in pipe, from which
flow can be calculated. Basic Mass rate of flow
equation for single phase compressible and
non-compressible fluids
36
PIP PCCFL001STRAIGHT RUN REQUIREMENTS
PIP PCCFL001 includes tables for minimum straight
run lengths with various upstream disturbances,
providing upstream requirements for different
beta ratios and downstream requirements per beta
ratios regardless of upstream disturbance type.
37
DP METER CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean Dirty Liquids,
  Gases, Some Slurries
• Rangeability 31 to 61
• Maximum Flow 95 of Range
• Pressure Loss 20 to 60 of Measured Head
• Accuracy 0.5 to 4
• Straight Run Reqd 5 - 40D Upstream, 2-5D
  Downstream
• Viscosity Effect High
• Size 2 to 24
• Connection Dependent on meter type
• Type of Output Square Root

38
VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETER (ROTAMETER) FLOW
PRINCIPLES
Rotameters are a variable area device. The float
moves up and down in proportion to the fluid flow
rate and the annular area between the float and
the tube wall. As the float rises, the size of
the annular opening increases. As this area
increases, the differential pressure across the
float decreases. The float reaches a stable
position when the upward force exerted by the
flowing fluid equals the weight of the float.
Every float position corresponds to a particular
flow rate for a particular fluid's density and
viscosity. For this reason, it is necessary to
size the rotameter for each application. When
sized correctly, the flow rate can be determined
by matching the float position to a calibrated
scale on the outside of the rotameter. Many
rotameters come with a built-in valve for
adjusting flow manually.
39
VARIABLE AREA (ROTAMETER) CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean, Dirty Viscous
  Liquids
• Rangeability 10 to 1
• Pressure Loss Medium
• Accuracy 1 to 10
• Straight Run Required None
• Viscosity Effect Medium
• Relative Cost Low
• Sizes lt 4
• Connections Threaded or Flanged
• Type of Output Linear

40
CORIOLIS
Direct mass flow measurement is generally chosen
for more critical control applications such as
the blending of feedstocks or the custody
transfer of valuable fluids. Generally chosen for
high rangeability and mass flow applications,
Coriolis technology is unaffected by changes in
temperature, density, viscosity and conductivity.
In most flow meters changes in these conditions
require monitoring and correction.
41
CORIOLIS FLOW PRINCIPLES

When the fluid is flowing, it is led through two
parallel tubes. An actuator (not shown) induces a
vibration of the tubes. The two parallel tubes
are counter-vibrating, to make the measuring
device less sensitive to outside vibrations. The
actual frequency of the vibration depends on the
size of the mass flow meter, and ranges from 80
to 1000 vibrations per second. When no fluid is
flowing, the vibration of the two tubes is
symmetrical.
Flow is measured by using velocity sensors to
detect the twist in the tube and transmit
electrical signals having a relative phase shift
that is proportional to mass flow. Coriolis
meters also measure density, whereby the resonant
frequency of the forced rotation is a function of
fluid density.
42
CORIOLIS CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean, Dirty Viscous
  Liquids, Gases, Some Slurries
• Rangeability 10 to 1
• Pressure Loss Medium to High
• Accuracy to 0.1 in liquids to 0.35 in gas
• Straight Run Required None
• Viscosity Effect None
• Relative Cost High
• Sizes gt ½
• Connections Flanged Clamp-on Design
• Type of Output Linear

43
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER FLOW PRINCIPLES

• Thermal mass flow meters introduce heat into the
  flow stream and measure how much heat dissipates
  using one or more temperature sensors. This
  method works best with gas mass flow measurement.
• The constant temperature differential method have
  a heated sensor and another sensor that measures
  the temperature of the gas. Mass flow rate is
  computed based on the amount of electrical power
  required to maintain a constant difference in
  temperature between the two temperature sensors.
• In the constant current method the power to the
  heated sensor is kept constant. Mass flow is
  measured as a function of the difference between
  the temperature of the heated sensor and the
  temperature of the flow stream.

• Both methods are based on the principle that
  higher velocity flows result in a greater cooling
  effect. Both measure mass flow based on the
  measured effects of cooling in the flow stream.

44
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean, Dirty Viscous
  Liquids, Some Slurries, Gases
• Rangeability 10 to 1
• Pressure Loss Low
• Accuracy 1
• Straight Run Required None
• Viscosity Effect None
• Relative Cost High
• Sizes 2 to 24
• Connections Threaded, Flanged
• Type of Output Exponential

45
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER FLOW PRINCIPLES
A magnetic flow meter (mag flowmeter) is a
volumetric flow meter which does not have any
moving parts and is ideal for wastewater
applications or any dirty liquid which is
conductive or water based. Magnetic flowmeters
will generally not work with hydrocarbons,
distilled water and many non-aqueous solutions).
Magnetic flowmeters are also ideal for
applications where low pressure drop and low
maintenance are required. The operation of a
magnetic flowmeter or mag meter is based upon
Faraday's Law, which states that the voltage
induced across any conductor as it moves at right
angles through a magnetic field is proportional
to the velocity of that conductor.
46
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean, Dirty Viscous
  Conductive Liquids Slurries
• Rangeability 40 to 1
• Pressure Loss None
• Accuracy 0.5
• Straight Run Required 5D Upstream, 2D Downstream
• Viscosity Effect None
• Relative Cost High
• Sizes 1 to 120
• Connections Flanged
• Type of Output Linear

47
ULTRASONIC METER

Transit time ultrasonic meters employ two
transducers located upstream and downstream of
each other. Each transmits a sound wave to the
other, and the time difference between the
receipt of the two signals indicates the fluid
velocity. Transit time meters usually require
clean fluids and are used where high rangeability
is required. Accuracy is within 1 for ideal
applications.
48
ULTRASONIC METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
B
Flow is measured by measuring the difference in
transit time for two ultrasonic beams transmitted
in a fluid both upstream and downstream. Ultrason
ic Meters are mainly used on large size lines
where high rangeability is required.
Transmitter/ Receiver (T/R)
t dn
FLOW
t up
Frequency pulse
A
Transit length L
Transit time difference is proportional to mean
velocity Vm, therefore Vm can be calculated as
follows
Vm (L / 2 cos ) (TAB TBA) / (TAB .
TBA) Basic Flow Equation Q A V
49
ULTRASONIC (DOPPLER) FLOW PRINCIPLES

• Ultrasonic flowmeters are ideal for wastewater
  applications or any dirty liquid which is
  conductive or water based.
• The basic principle of operation employs the
  frequency shift (Doppler Effect) of an ultrasonic
  signal when it is reflected by suspended
  particles or gas bubbles (discontinuities) in
  motion. Current technology requires that the
  liquid contain at least 100 parts per million
  (PPM) of 100 micron or larger suspended particles
  or bubbles.

50
ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean Viscous Liquids,
  Natural/Flare Gas
• Rangeability 20 to 1
• Pressure Loss None
• Accuracy 0.25 to 5
• Straight Run Required 5 to 30D Upstream
• Viscosity Effect None
• Relative Cost High
• Sizes gt ½
• Connections Flanged Clamp-on Design
• Type of Output Linear

51
TURBINE METER
Turbine meter is kept in rotation by the linear
velocity of the stream in which it is immersed.
The number of revolutions the device makes is
proportional to the rate of flow.
52
TURBINE METER CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean Viscous Liquids,
  Clean Gases
• Rangeability 20 to 1
• Pressure Loss High
• Accuracy 0.25
• Straight Run Required 5 to 10D Upstream
• Viscosity Effect High
• Relative Cost High
• Sizes gt ¼
• Connections Flanged
• Type of Output Linear

53
VORTEX METER
Vortex meters can be used on most clean liquid,
vapor or gas. However, they are generally chosen
for applications where high flow rangeability is
required. Due to break down of vortices at low
flow rates, vortex meters will cut off at a low
flow limit. Reverse flow measurement is not an
option. For regular service applications this
meter is the meter of choice by many end users.
54
VORTEX METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
Recovery
Recovery
Basic Flow Equation Q A V Flowing Velocity
of Fluid V (f d) / St f Shedding
Frequency d Diameter of Bluff Body St Stouhal
Number (Ratio between Bluff Body Diameter and
Vortex Interval) A Area of Pipe
55
VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean Dirty Liquids,
  Gases
• Rangeability 10 to 1
• Pressure Loss Medium
• Accuracy 1
• Straight Run Required 10 to 20D Upstream, 5D
  Downstream
• Viscosity Effect Medium
• Relative Cost Medium
• Size ½ to 12
• Connection Flanged
• Type of Output Linear

56
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER

PD meters measure flow rate directly by
dividing a stream into distinct segments of known
volume, counting segments, and multiplying by the
volume of each segment. Measured over a specific
period, the result is a value expressed in units
of volume per unit of time. PD meters frequently
report total flow directly on a counter, but they
can also generate output pulses with each pulse
representing a discrete volume of fluid.

57
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER FLOW
PRINCIPLES

• PD meters have 3 parts
• Body
• Measuring Unit
• Counter Drive Train

Liquid enters the cavity between oval gear B and
meter body wall, while an equal volume of liquid
passes out of the cavity between oval gear A and
meter body wall. Meanwhile, inlet pressure
continues to force the two oval gears to rotate
to position 3
Quantity of liquid has again filled the cavity
between oval gear B and meter body. This pattern
is repeated moving four times the liquid capacity
of each cavity with each revolution of the
rotating gears. Therefore, the flow rate is
proportional to the rotational speed of the gears.
Liquids inlet pressure exerts a pressure
differential against the lower face of oval gear
A, causing the two interlocked oval gears to
rotate to position 2.
58
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) CHARACTERISTICS

• Recommended Service Clean Viscous Liquids,
  Clean Gases
• Rangeability 10 to 1
• Pressure Loss High
• Accuracy 0.5
• Straight Run Required None
• Viscosity Effect High
• Relative Cost Medium
• Sizes gt12
• Connections Flanged
• Type of Output Linear

59
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS OTHER REFERENCES

• Process Industry Practices (PIP)
• PIP PCCGN002 General Instrument Installation
  Criteria
• PIP PCEFL001 Flow Measurement Guidelines
• Industry Codes and Standards
• American Gas Association (AGA)
• AGA 9 Measurement of Gas by Multipath
  Ultrasonic Meters
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• ANSI-2530/API-14.3/AGA-3/GPA-8185 Natural Gas
  Fluids Measurement Concentric, Square-Edged
  Orifice Meters
• Part 1 General Equations and Uncertainty
  Guidelines
• Part 2 Specification and Installation
  Requirements
• Part 3 Natural Gas Applications
• Part 4 Background, Development, Implementation
  Procedures and Subroutine Documentation
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
• API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
• API RP 554 Process Instrument and Control
• API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards
  (MPMS)
• Chapter 4 Proving Systems
• Chapter 5 Metering
• Chapter 14 Natural Gas Fluids Measurement

60
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS OTHER REFERENCES

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• ASME B16.36 Orifice Flanges
• ASME MFC-1M Glossary of Terms Used in the
  Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes
• ASME MFC-2M Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid
  Flow in the Closed Conduits
• ASME MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes
  Using Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi
• ASME MFC-5M Measurement of Liquid Flow in
  Closed Conduits Using Transit-Time Ultrasonic
  Flowmeters
• ASME MFC-6M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes
  Using Vortex Flow Meters
• ASME MFC-7M Measurement of Gas Flow by Means of
  Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles
• ASME MFC-11M Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means
  of Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
• ASME MFC-14M Measurement of Fluid Flows Using
  Small Bore Precision Orifice Meters
• ASME MFC-16M Measurement of Fluid Flow in
  Closed Conduit by Means of Electromagnetic
  Flowmeter

61
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS OTHER REFERENCES

• The International Society for Measurement and
  Control (ISA)
• ISA S20 Specification Forms for Process
  Measurement and Control Instruments, Primary
  Elements and Control Valves
• International Organization for Standardization
  (ISO)
• ISO 5167 - Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of
  Pressure Differential Devices Inserted in
  Circular Cross-Section Conduits Running Full
• Part 1 General principles and requirement
• Part 2 Orifice Plates
• Part 3 Nozzle and Venturi Tubes
• Part 4 Venturi Tubes
• Other References
• Miller, R.W., Flow Measurement Engineering
  Handbook
• ISA Flow Measurement Practical Guides for
  Measurement and Control, Spitzer, D.W., Editor
• ASME Fluid Meters, Their Theory and Application

62
QUESTIONS
Any Questions???