ECEN 248: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

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ECEN 248 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

• Lecture 1
• Dr. Peter Weiping Shi
• Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Instructor

• Dr. Peter Weiping Shi
• Office 332K WERC
• Office Hour MWF 1000-1130 am
• Email wshi_at_ece.tamu.edu
• Lab Time
• 501 Wed 0910 am-1200 pm,
• 502 Mon 600 pm- 850 pm
• 503 Thur 0910 am-1200 pm

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Required textbook

• Brown and Vranesic (2rd Edition)
• Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog
  Design.

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Course info

• Course website
• http//dropzone.tamu.edu/wshi/248_fall.html
• All slides, labs, assignments, etc.
• Mailing list
• Emails will be sent periodically to tamu accounts
• Announcements
• Lecture cancellations
• Deadline extension
• Updates, etc.

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Grading Policy

• Assignments (15)
• Labs (20)
• Exam 1 15
• Exam 2 20
• Exam 3 25
• Quizzes 5

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Course Goals

• Study methods for
• Representation, manipulation, and optimization
  for both combinatorial and sequential logic
• Solving digital design problems
• Study HDL description language (Verilog)

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware

• When was the first transistor invented?

• Modern-day electronics began with the invention
  in 1947 of the transfer resistor
• Bardeen, Brattain Shockley at Bell Laboratories

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William Shockley

• Born in London, grown up in CA.
• B.S. 1932, Ph.D. 1936
• During WWII
• Anti-submarine research bomber pilot training
• Report on casualty of invading Japan 1.7m to 4m
• Presidential Medal for Merit
• Bell Labs
• Solid state physics group leader
• Invention of transistor in 1947
• Silicon Valley
• Shockley Semiconductor Lab, Mountain View, CA
• Traitorous Eight formed Fairchild Semiconductor
• Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, etc

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The Evolution of Computer Hardware

• When was the first IC (integrated circuit)
  invented?

• In 1958 the IC was born when Jack Kilby at Texas
  Instruments successfully interconnected, by hand,
  several transistors, resistors and capacitors on
  a single substrate

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The PowerPC 750

• Introduced in 1999
• 3.65M transistors
• 366 MHz clock rate
• 40 mm2 die size
• 250nm technology

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The Underlying Technologies
Year Technology Relative Perf./Unit Cost
1951 Vacuum Tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated Circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very Large Scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000
2005 VLSI (not a fancy name??) 6,200,000,000
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Technology Trends Microprocessor Complexity
Itanium 2 41 Million
Athlon (K7) 22 Million
Alpha 21264 15 million Pentium Pro 5.5
million PowerPC 620 6.9 million Alpha 21164 9.3
million Sparc Ultra 5.2 million
Moores Law
2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called
Moores Law
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How to Remember?

• United States
• 307 million as of July 2010
• Intel processor (core 2 duo)
• 291 million transistors as of 2006

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Layers of abstraction
Application (ex browser)
Operating
Compiler
System (Mac OSX)
Software
Assembler
Instruction Set Architecture
Hardware
I/O system
Processor
Memory
Datapath Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
ECEN 248
transistors
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Quiz

• Who are inventors of
• Transistors _________________
• Integrated circuits _________________
• Moores Law says ____________________
• Approximately how many transistors in a
  microprocessor
• 300K, 3M, 30M, 300M, 3B

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NUMBER SYSTEMS
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Overview

• Number systems
• Decimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
• Binary 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101,
• Unary 1, 11, 111, 1111, 1111
• Duodecimal (base-12), used by British
• Sexagesimal (base-60), used by Babylonian

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Understanding Decimal Numbers

• Decimal numbers are made of decimal digits
  (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
• Number representation
• 8653 8x103 6x102 5x101 3x100
• What about fractions?
• 97654.35 9x104 7x103 6x102 5x101 4x100
  3x10-1 5x10-2
• Informal notation ? (97654.35)10

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Understanding Binary Numbers

• Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits)
• 0 and 1
• Number representation
• (1011)2 1x23 0x22 1x21 1x20 (11)10
• What about fractions?
• (110.10)2 1x22 1x21 0x20 1x2-1 0x2-2
• Groups of eight bits are called a byte, or B
• (11001001) 2

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Digital Computer Systems

• Digital systems consider discrete amounts of
  data.
• Examples
• 26 letters in the alphabet
• 10 decimal digits
• Larger quantities can be built from discrete
  values
• Words made of letters
• Numbers made of digits (e.g. 239875.32)
• Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)
• Easy to represent binary values electrically
• Voltages and currents high1, low0, on1, off0
• But, multi-value logic is possible high2,
  medium1, low0, on2, half-on-half-off1, off0,
  etc. More trouble.

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Octal and Hexadecimal

• Variations of binary numbers
• Octal numbers are made of digits
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
• Number representation
• (4536)8 4x83 5x82 3x81 6x80 (2398)10
• Hexadecimal numbers are made of
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f
• (10ab)16 116301621016111160 (4269)10

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Why Use Binary Numbers?

• Easy to represent 0 and 1 using electrical
  values.
• Possible to tolerate noise.
• Easy to transmit data
• Easy to build binary circuits.

AND Gate
1
0
0
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Conversion Between Number Bases
Octal(base 8)
Decimal(base 10)
Binary(base 2)
Hexadecimal (base16)
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Convert an Integer from Decimal to Another Base
For each digit position

• Divide decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
• The remainder is the lowest-order digit
• Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (13)10
Integer Quotient
Remainder
Coefficient
13/2 6 1 a0
1 6/2 3 0
a1 0 3/2 1 1
a2 1 1/2 0 1
a3 1
Answer (13)10 (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 (1101)2
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Convert a Fraction from Decimal to Another Base
For each digit position

• Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
• The integer is the highest-order digit
• Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes
  zero.

Example for (0.625)10
Integer
Fraction
Coefficient
0.625 x 2 1 0.25 a-1
1 0.250 x 2 0 0.50
a-2 0 0.500 x 2 1 0
a-3 1
Answer (0.625)10 (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 (0.101)2
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The Growth of Binary Numbers
n 2n
0 201
1 212
2 224
3 238
4 2416
5 2532
6 2664
7 27128
n 2n
8 28256
9 29512
10 2101024
11 2112048
12 2124096
20 2201M
30 2301G
40 2401T
Kilo
Mega
Giga
Tera
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Verilog

• Computer language to design logic circuits
• Verilog Verify Logic, initially designed for
  verification
• Verilog Hardware Description Language.
• Procedure is to use a compiler for compiling
  source code written in Verilog.
• Subset of statements can be synthesized using
  logic circuits.