Wednesday/Thursday: December 5th and 6th

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Wednesday/Thursday December 5th and 6th

• Happy Block Day!
• Going over the African Slave Trade today
• Friday- Columbian Exchange- Sugar and Chocolate
• Please get out your warm ups to start class

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Warm Up

• Turn to the second page of your warm-up
• You will find a poem titled, Pity for Poor
  Africans (1788)William Cowper
• Please answer these questions as you read it
• Stanza One How does Cowper feel about slavery
  initially?
• Stanza Two Why does Cowper choose to be quiet
  about his opinions on the slave trade?
• Stanza Three What does Cowper call blacks? Why?
• Stanza Four Does Cowper convince you to end
  slavery, or keep it going?

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Pity for Poor Africans (1788)William Cowper

• I am shock'd at the purchase of slaves,And fear
  those who buy them and sell them are knavesWhat
  I hear of their hardships, their tortures, and
  groansIs almost enough to draw pity from
  stones.I pity them greatly, but I must be
  mum,For how could we do without sugar and
  rum?Especially sugar, so needful we see?What?
  give up our desserts, our coffee, and
  tea!Besides, if we do, the French, Dutch, and
  Danes,Will heartily thank us, no doubt, for our
  painsIf we do not buy the poor creatures, they
  will,And tortures and groans will be multiplied
  still.If foreigners also would give up the
  trade,Much more on behalf of your wish might be
  saidBut while they get riches by purchasing
  blacks,Please tell me why they may not give up
  snacks?

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What do you know

• About the African Slave Trade????

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The African Slave Trade
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Learning Goals

• To understand the motives for using slaves as
  labor
• To analyze the results of the Middle passage had
  on African population and culture
• To evaluate the influence of the triangle trade
• BIG QUESTION Why did slavery even start????

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History Mystery

• Written by historian Kenneth Pomeranz in his book
  Economic Culture of Drugs
• The fact is that historically, goods considered
  drugs, that is, products ingested, smoked,
  sniffed or drunk to produce an altered state of
  being, have been central to exchange and
  production

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Drugsgs?
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Continued Quote

• Written by historian Kenneth Pomeranz in his book
  Economic Culture of Drugs
• In the seventeenth century affluent people all
  over the world began to drink, smoke and eat
  exotic plants that came from long distances.
  Coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and sugar all became
  popular at roughly the same time Before long,
  most the drug foods were being produced in new,
  distant parts of the world that Europeans had
  colonized Colonial empires were built on the
  foundation of drug trades

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The African Slave Trade
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Video Clip 1 An Introduction
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African Slavery Origins

• African slavery began during the 7th century with
  the rise of Islam.
• Slavery was justified with the belief that
  non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and
  sold as slaves.
• Between 650 and 1600, 4.8 million Africans
  (mostly prisoners and criminals) were bought and
  sold as slaves.
• Later it became anyone they could capture.

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Exploration of Africa

• The first explorers were the Portuguese during
  the 1400s.
• At first, the Portuguese were more interested in
  finding gold, but that changed with the
  colonization of the Americas.

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Why Africans?

• European colonists forced the Native Americans to
  work in mines and plantations.
• As the Natives began dying from disease and
  warfare, the Europeans became desperate for
  workers.

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Indian slaves working the fields
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Native American drawing of smallpox

• Native American populations were decimated.
• More than 1/3 of the total Native American
  population died from smallpox, measles or other
  European disease.

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Native American Small Pox Epidemic
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How did Europeans capture the slaves?

• Europeans used the tribal chiefs first
• Give them prisoners of war
• Paid them
• Traded tobacco and alcohol/rum for slaves
• Europeans often stayed there to oversee the slave
  trade

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Clip 2 Europeans and Existing Slave Trade
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King of Kongo and European Ambassadors
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Advantages of using Africans

• Many Africans had already been exposed to
  European disease and built up immunity to them.
• Africans had experience in farming.
• Africans had no familiar tribes in which to hide
  so they were less likely to escape.

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Major Slave Trade Destinations Red Sea
6 Trans-Sahara 19 East Africa Indian Ocean
6 Trans-Atlantic 69
Shaded areas show regions most slaves come from
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Destinations of African Slaves
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Slaves in Africa waiting for transportation
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The Middle Passage
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The Middle Passage (Africa-Americas)

• Middle passage under horrific conditions
• 4-6 week voyage
• Mortality initially high, often over 50,
  eventually declined to 5
• Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c. 12 million
• Approximately 3-4 million killed before arrival

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African Slave Export per Year
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Travel Conditions

• Europeans crammed as many slaves as they could
  fit into the slave ships.
• Africans were whipped and beaten by merchants.
• Diseases swept through the vessel.
• The smell of blood, sweat, and excrement filled
  the vessel.
• Captives were surrounded by vomit and human
  waste.

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Olaudah Equiano

• An 11 yr old African sold into slavery made this
  voyage known as the Middle Passage.
• with the loathsome of the stench, and crying
  together, I became so sick and low that I was not
  able to eat

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Equiano
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Death

• Many Africans died aboard the slave ships from
  disease or cruel treatment from merchants.
• Many committed suicide by jumping into the ocean,
  rather than be enslaved.
• 20 of Africans aboard each slave ships died
  during the brutal trip to the Americas.
• The voyage typically lasted 3-4 months.
• Many times, there would be more than 600 slaves
  on the ship.

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Activity

• Open up your Warm Ups
• Turn to document 1 document 2
• Read these two documents and answer the questions
  that follow
• You will be making a journal later as a project
  at the end of class, so read carefully.
• You have about 15-20 minutes.
• We will discuss this after ?

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The Triangle Trade
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Triangle Trade
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Ledger of Sugar Shipments
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Triangular Trade

• Traders left from Europe with a ship loaded with
  goods to Africa.
• Traders exchanged these goods for captured
  Africans.
• Africans were then transported across the
  Atlantic Ocean and sold in the West Indies.
• Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco to
  sell in Europe.

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Another triangular trade route

• Merchants carried rum and other goods from the
  New England colonies to Africa.
• They exchanged merchandise for Africans.
• The traders took the slaves to the West Indies
  and sold them for sugar and molasses.
• Then they sold these goods to rum producers in
  New England.

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The Atlantic slave trade, 1500-1800
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Clip 3 Triangular Trade
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Notice that the artist tries to dehumanize the
captives by not showing their faces.
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Brazilian slave market
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Slave market 1820 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The 1st Slave MarketMercado Modelo

• Salvador (Savior), Bahia, Brazil was the first
  place to establish a slave market.
• The actual slave trading went on underneath this
  market.
• You can visit the actual slave market today in
  the center of Salvador in an area called
  Pelourinho (which means whipping post)

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Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

• The actual slave ships, called slavers entered
  in tunnels and canals to these slave trading
  markets.
• After slave trading became illegal, many slaves
  were secretly smuggled in through these tunnels
  beneath the city.

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American Colonial Slave Market
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Their work

• Slaves worked in mines, fields, or as domestic
  servants.
• Worked long days on little food and suffered
  whippings and beatings.
• Slavery was a lifelong condition as well as a
  hereditary one.

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Effects of the Slave Trade
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Social Effects of Slave trade

• Total African population expands due to
  importation of American crops
• Yet millions of captured Africans removed from
  society, deplete regional populations
• Distorted sex ratios result
• 2/3 of slaves male, 14-35 years of age

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Political Effects of Slave Trade

• Warfare increases
• Slaves for guns leaders increase exports to
  maintain control of European firearms
• Political authority in Africa becomes tied to
  slave raiding

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Regional Differences

• Caribbean, South America African population
  unable to maintain numbers because of
• Malaria, yellow fever
• Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition
• Gender imbalance
• Constant importation of slaves
• North America less disease, more normal sex
  ratio
• Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th
  century

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Diaspora is a Greek term that literally means
scattering.
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A Slaves Journey

• You have just read an excerpt from Olaudah
  Equiano. In it Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts
  the shock and isolation he felt during the Middle
  Passage to Barbados and his fear that the
  European slavers would eat him.
• He told his story for several reasons. Many
  people tried to defend slavery by saying black
  people were suited for heavy work.
• They said slaves were well treated and that since
  they could read and write, they did not need to
  be free.
• Equiano wanted to show these arguments for the
  lies that they were.

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Equiano Activity

• YOUR TASK Create a journal from a perspective
  of a slave experiencing the Middle Passage. You
  should include
• Information about who you are (Create your own
  character), where you are coming from, and where
  you think you are going. (Be sure to include an
  accurate date)
• How were you captured (Look at the notes)? What
  were you traded for (Use an example from
  triangular trade)?
• What are the conditions on the ship (Give at
  least 4 specific details)?
• Look to the future- What do you fear about the
  future? What have you heard about life in the
  New World? Did you leave any family behind?
  Are you going to revolt?
• 2 paragraphs AT LEAST (5 sentences each-total 10
  sentences!)

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Activity cont.

• This is a chance to be creative, but your journal
  should also be filled with FACTS!!!
• Your journal should be written in the format of a
  journal and should be FINAL COPY QUALITY (This
  means no crossed out words or major spelling and
  grammar mistakes.) It should be at least one
  page handwritten. It may be typed.
• The journal will be due on Tuesday, December 11th