Project 1

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CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES 2 ASSIGNMENT 1
CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES 2
Project 1
Erin Kyne, Belinda Capper, Natalie
Djuric-Schembri, Eva Klaic
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH

• STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES

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TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
St Andrews Anglican Church, Tasmania
http//oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/churi
0.html
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TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES OVERVIEW
Timber portal frame construction is an option
for the warehouse. The system involves the use
of Plywood Box Beams. Plywood box Beam portal
frames have frequently been used for spans up to
30 meters, and it is suggested the span could
reach up to 50 meters with specialty knee joints
(Yttrup Evans). The warehouse span is 40
meters, and therefore the timber potal frame is
an option to consider. The system is an
attractive alternative to the steel portal frame.
It is visually appealing, lightweight and easy
to erect.
Store Building, Mt Gambia, S.A http//oak.arch.uta
s.edu.au/projects/aus/207/istos.html
5
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES EXAMPLES
St Andrews Anglican Church http//oak.arch.utas.e
du.au/projects/aus/315/cchur.html
Factory Building Legana, Tasmania http//oak.arch.
utas.edu.au/projects/aus/440/factory_img6.html
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TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES PLYWOOD BOX BEAMS
The Plywood Box Beam is a rectangular shaped
timber box. The flanges and stiffeners are solid
wood, and the outer lining is plywood. The
lining is attached with either glue or nails.
The main characteristic of the Plywood Box Beam
is the high strength to weight ratio. They are
also easily constructed and the materials are
readily available
www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au
STEEL PLATE AND DOWEL KNEE JOINT BRACKET
For spans over 20 meters, the box beams must be
connected with steel plate and dowel knee joint
brackets. When this type of joint is used with
box beam depths of 2.4 meters tapering to 1.2
meters, spaced at 12 meters, the spaning
cappacity of the portal frame is up to 50 meters.
This well covers the 40 meter span required for
the warehouse.
www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au
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TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES SUMMARY
The lack of commercial use of the long span
timber portal frame has led us to move away from
this option. While the evidence from Yttrup and
Evans suggests that it can span up to 50 meters,
there are few available examples of this in
comparison to the much more commonly found steel
portal frames
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• STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• STEEL CONSTRUCTION

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION

• Without compromising its structural integrity,
  steel can achieve many functions. Ranging from
  its malleability where structural designs are
  endless due to the range of parts attainable, its
  durability being a medium that is capable of
  withstanding time and weathering, provided it is
  treated, and its lustre for purely aesthetic
  reasons.
• As well as its previously mentioned properties,
  steel may also be combined with various other
  chemicals to further enhance its role in
  construction.
• Known as alloying, chemicals such as nickel and
  magnesium are combined with the steel to produce
  rust resistance and toughness respectively.
• Additional coatings such as paints and enamels
  may too be added, in hope of
• further extending the life of the material. For
  example, Zinc Aluminium alloy protects the
  material against the effects of weathering.
  Because of this, steel alloying provides
  construction with the architectural freedom,
  economy of design, speed and flexibility
  (http//www.onesteel.com.au) suitable for many
  types of tenders.
• Hot and cold rolling of steel products is
  generally undertaken to further
• increase the strength of the material. As cast
  steel is originally relatively weak,
• rolling of the steel re crystallise the grain
  structure into a much finer state,
• reinforcing additional strength, shock resistance
  and toughness. Fitting for this
• reason, roofing, flooring and cladding systems
  are ideal.

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
Excellent strength weight ratio. Provides the flexibility to modify, without significant strengthening. Provides a wide range of spanning capabilities depending on what type of structure is being used, trusses and rafters are some examples. Open plan layout, providing versatility to a wide market. Completion time of projects, roughly 20 faster than alternatives. Construction relies heavily on the competency of engineers. Due to over estimation on behalf of ill informed quantity surveyors, construction may be costly.
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION ROOFING

• Steel roofing and walling provides thermal
  efficiency if adequate insulation is provided,
• durability in most situations, are suitable for
  curving and come in a range of
• profiles to suit most, if not all, architectural
  requirements. It should also be said
• that such roofing systems are economical as they
  require minimal sub framing.

Steel Sheet Roofing Examples
Custom Orb
Custom Blue Orb
Spandek
Integrity 820
Source http//www.bluescopesteel.com.au
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION WALLING
Steel Cladding Examples


Easyclad
Klip-lock 700 Hi-strength

Multiline
Mini Orb
Source http//www.bluescopesteel.com.au
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION FLOORING
Source http//www.bluescopesteel.com.au

• We have decided to use Bondek, a steel flooring
  system for the first floor in our showroom and
  office building as it has excellent spanning
  capabilities which creates greater strength and
  eliminates the possibility for deflection to
  occur. The use of Bondek also means time saving,
  as the use of temporary formwork is eliminated
  with permanent. This in turn creates a safe
  working platform for employees.

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION FLOORING - BONDEK
Advantages Disadvantages
Slip resistant, provided a non-slip resistant finish isnt placed over top. Termite resistant. Comes equipped with a durable galvanized coating Allows for freedom of design with the majority of steel members on the market. Eliminates annoying bounce and squeak when installed correctly. It is very heavy, and therefore extra structural support underneath the flooring is required. Auxiliary requirements such as stairs can be difficult to accommodate. Additional electrical and pipe work is difficult once flooring has been cemented.
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES

• Being a continuous rigid frame with a restrained
  joint between the column
• and the beam, portal frame construction is the
  most effective and efficient
• solution to long span construction. Because the
  frame acts as one structural
• entity, the stresses induced may be distributed
  throughout the frame and
• down into the foundations, whereby further rigid
  connections to the plate are
• prepared.

Note above information sourced from Portal
Frame.ppt located in the resources folder of SRT
251, found on DSO. (http//www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES CONNECTIONS

• With reference to base plate connection of the
  portal frame, 3 methods may
• be adopted
• Rigid Base Connection.
• 2 Pin Portal Connection.
• 3 Pin Portal Connection.
• The placement of pins as a method of securing
  the structure together and to
• the base plate is purely a method of
  construction. Unlike the rigid base
• connections that transfer the bending moments of
  the frame to the footings, via
• the strategic placement of bolts, pin connections
  do not.
• The use of a rigid base system in constructing
  the portal frame is advantageous
• in that it transfers all the bending moments to
  the rigid connections of the frame,
• the apex, knee and base. This in turn creates a
  sturdier system, as well as achieving
• a lighter frame.
• This method of fixing is our preferred method, as
  it is highly effective in opposing
• these bending moments that can be detrimental to
  the system if not dealt with
• accordingly.

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES CONNECTIONS
Footing prepared with plate connection, allowing
for materials to consolidate into1 rigid
connection.
Structural steel member attached to set pad
connection.
Note above information sourced from Portal
Frame.ppt located in the resources folder of SRT
251, found on DSO. (http//www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION PORTAL FRAMES ADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
Economical. Allows for greater spanning of members without the use of columns (15 45m) Custom frames may also be designed to cater for a variety of aesthetic or equipment requirements. Steel framework comes prefabricated and delivered to site by truck It is designed at the manufacturers to be quickly and easily assembled by bolting members together. If welding is required to join to steel portal frame members together, construction becomes slow, dangerous and costly. Cranes and cherry pickers are required to lift the prefabricated steel members into position. If the site is severely sloped or there are lots of power lines, this can become difficult. Some streets have restrictions against large trucks which also causes problems as the members need to be delivered to site by truck.
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• STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• PRECAST AND TILT-UP CONCRETE

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
Tilt-up and precast concrete panels are a quick,
cheap and easy form of construction, which means
the main structure of the warehouse can be
erected quickly and therefore be occupied sooner.
Below is a comparison between the two
TILT-UP PRECAST
Site leveled and the concrete floor slab is poured. The strip footings the panels are going to be connected to are also cast into the foundations. If there is going to be a frame and the panels are going to be connected to it and are therefore not load bearing, then only pad footings are required. Reinforced concrete wall panels are cast on site, on the floor slab. Door and window positions are blocked out and inserts are cast in to allow them to be lifted into place by cranes. http//www.tierraconcretehomes.com/Precast.htm Bond Breakers are used to separate the panels from the floor slab. They are a chemical coating which prevents a bond forming between the panel and the casting surface. Site leveled and strip footings are cast into the foundations. If there is going to be a frame and the panels are going to be connected to it and are therefore not load bearing, then only pad footings are required. Reinforced concrete wall panels are cast at the manufacturers and then delivered to site by truck. When the panels are fabricated at the manufacturers, the positions of doors and windows are blocked out, and inserts are cast into them to allow them to be lifted by cranes into place. The panels are propped up on temporary supports to aid them in resisting wind and construction loads during construction. They are removed once the roof is erected.
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
TILT-UP PRECAST
Cranes are then used to lift the panels into their upright positions. Like precast panels, they are propped up on temporary supports to aid them in resisting wind and construction loads during construction. They are removed once the roof is erected. The joints between the panels need to be filled with a sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping, which is an important factor in our warehouse design as we dont want any noise traveling into our offices or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any slight movement that may occur. Once the panels are raised, the concrete slab closure can be poured. The joints between the panels need to be filled with a sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping, which is an important factor in our warehouse design as we dont want any noise traveling into our offices or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any slight movement that may occur. The slab is often poured once the roof is up as this allows for weather protection while it is setting. It also means most of the construction is done and therefore reduces the chance of damage to the floor.

• The following slide shows four of the main stages
  of tilt-up
• concrete construction

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
1.
2.
Panel position
Panel lifted by crane
Panel position
slab
Panel cast on floor
foundations
slab
foundations
Strip footings
Strip footings
panel
3.
4.
supports
panel
Concrete slab closure poured
slab
foundations
slab
Strip footings
foundations
(Diagrams by Erin)
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE
Tilt-up Precast
Advantages No transport costs Solves the difficulty of transporting wall panels of impractical size, shape or thickness to site. Cheaper Advantages Reduces site labor costs as the warehouse can be erected quicker, as the panels arrive already made to the site by truck. They allow for more efficient construction as whilst the panels are being made at the manufacturers, other work can take place on site. There is greater accuracy when the panels are fabricated at the manufacturers, and special finishes can be added.
Disadvantages The floor slab needs to be cast before the panels can be. This can then result in imperfections in the floor of the warehouse. Construction is held up whilst panels are being cast as other building work cant take place while panels are being cast on site. There needs to be room at the site for cranes to lift the panels into place. Power lines can often cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also cause problems. Disadvantages Costly transport is required to get the panels to the site. This can also raise issues as some streets have restrictions against large trucks. There needs to be room at the site for cranes to lift the panels into place. Power lines can often cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also cause problems. Panels can be damaged during travel.
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• STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• SUPAZED

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS SUPAZED

• SUPAZED
• Supazed is a structural steel product also
  manufactured by Lysaght.
• It is a cold rolled steel sheet that forms a
  long, strong, light weight purlin.

Pictures from the Lysaght web-site http//www.blu
escopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.C7ED3726-32D
4-11D5-98CE00508BA5461F We selected Supazed for
horizontal wall members and roof purlins. The
Purlins are spaced at 2000mm on the warehouse and
office rooves. The horizontal members on the
walls of the warehouse and parapet façade of the
office building are spaced at 700mm.
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• ENVELOPE SYSTEMS RESEARCH
• SPANDEK

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ENVELOPE SYSTEMS SPANDEK

• SPANDEK
• Spandek is a one of the engineered steel sheet
  cladding products manufactured by Bluescope
  Steel, other wise known as Lysaght. The deep
  perforations in the Spandek sheets increase their
  spanning capacity. The long spanning properties
  of Spandek make it well suited to our portal
  frames as members of a portal frame are quite
  widely spaced. Spandek sheets are custom made so
  the length tailored to the application within
  reason. Spandek sheets have a set width of 700mm.

Pictures from the Lysaght web-page http//www.blu
escopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.B0CBE18F-FF7
8-11D3-89EC00C04FCF6B8F The Spandek was also
very suitable because the sheet may be joined at
the point where it is fastened to the structure.
This allowed the placement of horizontal members
as wide apart as 700mmand at lengths of up to
3000mm.
Pictures from the Lysaght web-page http//www.blu
escopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.999D1FCF-14E
A-11D4-89F600C04FCF6B8F
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• RETAINING WALL RESEARCH

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RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall will be necessary behind the
warehouse. The site will be cut and levelled,
and a retaining wall, approximately 3m high, will
be needed to hold back the soil.

• Retaining walls
• Retain the soil
• Protect against possible erosion

• Requirements of retaining walls
• Durability against exposed environment
• Structural stability
• Provision of drainage

Concrete retaining walls are a durable solution.
Concrete can withstand the constant wetting and
drying of the soil, and will not rot or be
affected by termites. There are two types of
concrete retaining walls, piled retaining walls
and gravity retaining walls.
GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
PILED RETAINING WALL
Piled retaining walls use the depth and strength
of posts, which are embedded vertically in the
ground, to resist lateral soil loads
Gravity retaining walls use their own weight to
resist the lateral loads from the soil.
SOURCE Retaining Walls document from
www.concrete.net.au
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RETAINING WALL
For the retaining wall behind the warehouse, a
type of gravity retaining wall, the reinforced
masonary wall, will be used. This is a very
effective retaining wall for wall heights up to
3.4m. Hollow, core-filled, reinforced concrete
blocks are placed on reinforced concrete
footings. This creates a cantilevered wall.
Gravel and agricultural pipes are used behind the
wall to aid drainage.
Reinforced and grouted blockwork cores
Gravel drainage with agricultural pipes
Footings
SOURCE Retaining Walls document from
www.concrete.net.au
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• FIRE PROTECTION
• RESEARCH

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FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH

• Fire protection products are available that can
  provide external fire resistance
• for approximately 60, 90 or 120 minutes.

• The criteria for compliance of fire walls as per
  the Building Code of Australia, 2004 edition,
  states
• All materials used within the wall must comply
  with fire rating indexes.
• There must be no cracking, penetration or
  permanent surface deformation to a depth of more
  than 0.5mm, or any other non elastic
  deformation or fastener failure.
• Under static pressure
• The deflection must not be more than 1/240th of
  the height between supports
• The impact under instantaneous deflection must
  not be more than 1/120th the height of the wall
  between supports
• Sarking must have a flammability index of 5.
• The surface of the wall must be covered on all
  faces by concrete or masonry not less than 50mm
  thick.

• If the wall is able to comply with all of these
  selected points of information, it is deemed to
  satisfy a fire protection rating.

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FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH

• FIRE PROOF SECURITY DOOR
• The west side of the building requires a fire
  proof door on the emergency exit the brand we
  felt offered the best solution for this member
  was Austral Monsoon a Sydney based American
  company. Their fire door is concrete in a steel
  shell. The shell is comprised of two steel sheets
  that overlap at the sides. The door is recessed
  in the frame to prevent flames from passing in
  between the door and frame. Austral Monsoon
  claims their product can contain fire for up to
  four hours.

A replication of a detail found on the Austral
monsoon web site www.austalmonsoon.com
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• ROLLER DOOR
• RESEARCH

35
ROLLER DOOR RESEARCH

• TRUCK-FRIENDLY ROLLER DOORS
• We also chose Austral Monsoon as suppliers for
  the two roller doors on the front of the
  warehouse. Their website contained lots of useful
  information including the various door heights
  and widths as well as the according dimensions of
  the barrel and mechanism. I have copied the
  relevant part of a table posted on the Austral
  Monsoon website (previously sited) that describes
  the diagram below.

OPENING HEIGHT SIDE ROOM HEAD ROOM
4000 225 500
4500 225 515
The door opening width is 5200mm the spacing of
the columns either side of the roller door are
spaced at 5400mm to allow for the doors axel and
mechanism.
36

• CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
  COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
• STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION

• All photos in the following section were taken by
  Erin

37
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
38
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Before the construction of the warehouse can
  begin, the site needs to be leveled and any
  retaining walls that are required need to be
  made. The site then needs to be marked out with
  the position of the warehouse and the footings or
  slab. In this instance, footings were used, and
  the slab was poured later once the roof was up to
  allow for weather protection while the slab was
  setting.

39
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• The steelwork frame members are delivered to the
  site by truck, and stored on the ground until
  they are needed for construction.

40
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• The steelwork frame members are then raised into
  place by cranes and cherry pickers.

41
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• The vertical steelwork is bolted and cemented to
  footings in the foundations.

42
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Once the steelwork frame members have been raised
  and positioned in place, steel members are
  quickly and easily connected to one another by
  bolts. When the steel framework is made in
  factories, they are designed to be able to be
  erected easily as this reduces labor costs.
  Welding is avoided in on site construction as it
  is slow, costly and dangerous.

43
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Cross bracing is used on the walls and roof to
  provide lateral support and resist wind loads.

44
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Steel purlins are fastened perpendicular to the
  rafters, and then mesh is placed over that before
  sarking and insulation is laid down. Roofing
  material is then fastened over the top. This
  warehouse used a combination of spandek and
  fibreglass for the skylight strips.

45
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• An alternative roofing structure to the rafters
  in the previous slide is a steel truss.
• (This photo was taken of a different warehouse to
  the one in the previous slides to show a
  different roof structure.) Trusses can range
  from very small ones to ones that are even 1.5m
  deep. The advantage of a deep truss is it allows
  for an enormous span, where as if a smaller one
  or a portal frame was to span the same distance,
  they would need stanchions to support them.

46
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Precast concrete panelss for the walls are
  delivered to site by truck and bolted to the
  steel framework. When the walls are cast at the
  manufacturers, window and door blockouts are
  imbedded, as well as inserts that are used to
  lift the walls with the cranes.

47
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Once the walls and roof are up, the slab is set
  out and then any services that are required are
  installed. The reinforcement mesh is laid down
  and then the slab is poured.

48
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Where the slab is poured at the beginning of
  construction, the slab is set out, services
  installed, reinforcement mesh is laid down and
  the slab is poured along with the footings that
  the steel portal frame is bolted to.

49

• CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
  COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
• PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

All photos and diagrams in the following section
were taken by Erin
50
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
51
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• Like the steel portal frame construction, the
  site needs to be leveled and set out before
  construction begins. The strip footings then
  need to be poured. As the precast concrete
  panels are load bearing, strip footing are
  required to transfer the loads to the
  foundations. The precast concrete slabs are
  delivered to site by truck after being made at
  the manufacturers.

52
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• The pre-cast reinforced concrete walls are
  erected quickly and easily. (The amount of
  construction shown in the photos was completed in
  one week.) Whilst under construction, the
  concrete slab walls are propped up by supports.
  When planning the layout of the building, the
  spacing and positioning of the supports also
  needs to be considered.

53
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• Cross-section showing precast concrete panel with
  support

panel
support
Support footing
foundation
Strip footing

• The supports assist the panels in withstanding
  wind and construction loads during construction.
  They are removed once the roof is erected as that
  then supports them.

(The previous slide shows the stage of
construction the warehouse got to. There is a
detailed outline of precast concrete construction
under structural systems research.)
54
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS CONCLUSION

• From researching construction processes through
  visits to job sites, it can be concluded that the
  main factors influencing the decision of which
  structural and envelope systems are going to be
  used are
• Location of site
• Slope of site
• Size of the building
• Aesthetic requirements
• Whether or not a column free space is required
• Costs

55
CASE STUDIES
All unreferenced photos and diagrams were taken
by Belinda
56
CASE STUDIES

• Steel Portal Frame Construction
• Mitre 10, North Geelong
• Tilt-up Concrete
• Warehouse and Showroom
• Arndell Park, NSW
• 1st Floor Concrete Slabs
• Mitre 10, South Geelong
• 1st Level Timber Floor
• Mitre 10, South Geelong

57
CASE STUDIES STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
MITRE 10
Faggs Mitre 10, 222 Anakie Rd. North Geelong
58
CASE STUDIES STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
MITRE 10
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW TIMBER, HARDWARE AND GARDEN
CENTRE
This case study looks at the design of a new
timber, hardware and garden center for Faggs
Mitre 10 in North Geelong. The construction
process has just begun, with preliminary site
work currently being undertaken. The proposed
design is a steel portal frame, 39m x 46.5m. It
will be a rigid base portal base frame, based
upon a concrete slab with strip and pad footings.
This design is of particular interest as it is
similar size to the warehouse in this project.
The information used for this study was obtained
from One Steel in Geelong, who provided the
documentation for this project
59
CASE STUDIES STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
MITRE 10
RIGID BASE STEEL PORTAL FRAME

• A portal frame is a continuous rigid frame with a
  restrained joint between the column and beam. A
  rigid base portal frame means that the vertical
  loads placed upon the structure induce bending at
  the apex, knee and base. The bending moment will
  be at a maximum at these points. The staunchion
  is connected to the base with 4 bolts.
• Advantages of this framing system are
• economical
• large spaning ability
• ease and speed of erection
• simple construction

4.5m
60
CASE STUDIES STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
MITRE 10
PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE
46.5m
MEMBER SIZE SPACING
Load bearing columns 610 U.B. 101kg 6.2m
End columns 100 U.B. 15kg 6m
Beams 410 U.B 54kg 6.2m
Purlins steel beam .7m
End Columns
Load bearing Columns
39m
6m
6.2m
61
CASE STUDIES STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
MITRE 10
FOOTINGS
The base for this design is a concrete slab with
strip footings around the perimeter, and pad
footings under the loadbearing columns.
SIZE AND DETAILS
SLAB 150mm concrete slab with .2mm polythene moisture barrier. 50mm deep sand levelling bed.
PAD FOOTINGS 1200 x 1200 x 600 mm deep. Located under all 610 U.B. To be founded 675mm (min) below ground level, 50mm (min) into natural undisturbed weathered basalt.
STRIP FOOTINGS 300 x 600 mm deep. Located around perimeter with 450 x 450 thickening under all 100 U.B. To be founded 675mm (min) below ground level, 50mm (min) into natural undisturbed weathered basalt.
62
CASE STUDIES WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS
TILT-UP CONCRETE PANELS
Location Arndell Park, NSW Architect Allen
Jack and Cottier Architects Structural Engineer
Woolacots Builder St Hilliers Pty Ltd Source
www.concrete.net.au
63
CASE STUDIES WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS
TILT UP CONCRETE USED FOR WAREHOUSE AND
SHOWROOM AT ARNDELL PARK, NSW
Project Specifications Warehouse size
2000m² Showroom/Office size 350m² Faming System
Steel portal frame Envelope System Tilt-up
concrete panels Concrete panel size for
warehouse- 7.5m x 7.5m Method of
Construction Tilt-up concrete panels were
constructed following the erection of the steel
portal frame. The panels were cast face down,
adjacent to the portal frame. Ferrules at the
bottom of the panels were fitted with dowel, and
then connected to the strip footings. The upper
level panels were connected to cleats plate
welded onto the steel structure. Source
www.concrete.net.au
64
CASE STUDIES 1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS MITRE 10
1st Floor Concrete Slabs Mitre 10, South Geelong
65
CASE STUDIES 1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS MITRE 10
The hardware section of Mitre 10, South Geelong,
is a two story structure. The first floor has a
concrete slab, supported by a concrete column and
beam system. Bondek sheeting has been used as a
base for the first floor concrete slab. The
beams have been bolted the columns, and the
Bondek is placed directly above. Concrete has
been poured directly onto to Bondek, the Bondek
acting as reinforcement. The columns are 3m
high, and together form a grid spanning 5.35m x
4m. The concrete columns are large, 300mm x
300mm. This is necessary to support the heavy
concrete loads above. A preferred alternative to
the concrete columns for the office/showrooms in
this project would be steel columns. This would
enhance the spanning capabilities.
Bondek
Beam
Column
Size Spacing Span
Columns 300 x 300 x 3000mm 5350mm
Beams 250 x 460mm 4000mm 5320mm
66
CASE STUDIES 1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS MITRE 10
1st Level Timber Floors Mitre 10, South Geelong
67
CASE STUDIES 1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS MITRE 10
The timber shed at Mitre 10 in South
Geelong has a first level with a timber floor.
The system supporting the floor combines steel
columns and universal beams with timber floor
joists. The columns, 90 x 90mm, are bolted to
the universal beam. A timber member is bolted
either side of the bottom of the universal beam,
and run the length of the beams. Above this
member rests the timber floor joists. The joists
are slotted in between the timer member and the
top of the universal beam. The joists have
blocking for extra support against bending.
The framing system for this type of floor is
much lighter weight than the concrete
alternative. However, concrete has higher
spanning capabilities when combined with a steel
structural system. This makes the concrete
alternative a better choice for the showroom and
offices in this project, as a relatively column
free ground floor is preferred.
Joists
Universal Beam
Column
Size Spacing Span
Column 90 x 90 x 3000mm
UB 3700mm 6500mm
Joists 350 x 50mm 400mm 3695mm
68
SCHEMATIC PLANS
69
SCHEMATIC PLANS WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES
SCHEMATIC SITE PLAN
70
SCHEMATIC PLANS SHOWROOM/OFFICES
30m
6m
Ground Floor
20m
40m
First Floor
71
SCHEMATIC PLANS WAREHOUSE
2400 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 2400
2400
3000
3000
3000
2700
2700
3000
3000
2700
2700
3000
3000
3000
2400
Roller door Fire escape Fire proof safety
door
72
SCHEMATIC PLANS WAREHOUSE

• DECIDING THE SPACINGS
• We calculated the spacing for our portal frame
  according to the potential span of the Spandek,
  the position of other building elements and the
  spanning capabilities of the portal frame. The
  Spandek was to be fitted onto the walls of the
  factory with the perforation running horizontally
  in relation to the ground. It will be fixed to
  the portal frame by Supazed at 700 spacing
  internally and 500 spacing where the Spandek
  abuts with the roof and concrete cladding on the
  lower half of the wall.
• The Portal frame to which the Supazed columns are
  attached are space at intervals of 3000mm for the
  internal spans and 2400mm for the end spans.
• At the front and back of the building lighter
  stanchions are erected at 3000mm internal spacing
  and part from the end span and roller door span
  which are spaced at 2700 and 2100mms.

73
SCHEMATIC PLANS WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES
WAREHOUSE SHOWROOM/OFFICES
FOOTINGS Strip footings and concrete slab Strip footings and concrete slab
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Steel Portal Frame Pre-cast concrete panels
ENVELOPE SYSTEM Pre-cast concrete panels Pre-cast concrete panels
FLOORING Concrete slab Ground floor concrete slab First floor concrete slab on bondek
ROOFING Spandek Spandek
CONCLUSION After researching various solutions
for the warehouse design we discovered that there
are many very plausible design schemes. We
employed a basic set of criteria to assist our
choice of building products, structural layout
and schematics. We broke the criteria for our
optimum design solution into the following dot
points constructability, availability, aesthetic
and cost. We found that once we chose the portal
frame, (in the case of the ware house) and the
load bearing concrete walls (of the office) the
most effective way to choose the remaining
products was on a basis of their compatibility
with the portal frame/Load bearing concrete
walls. Although the steel portal frame is not a
standard (off the shelf) product there are many
products have been designed specifically to
operate with portal frames, like Supazed. Our
finally design product is one we believe for
fills all of our criteria and provides the
aesthetic character we are aiming for.