BIOMASS ENERGY presented by Neo-Excretory Genesis

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BIOMASS ENERGYpresented byNeo-Excretory
Genesis

• Million Negassi Allen Trac Gordon Lai
• Clement Law Paul Lin Weiming Li

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Topics

• Methane generation from cows
• Methane generation from Human
• Number of people needed to generate enough power
  for SLO
• Number of cows needed for methane generation
• Biomass related-diseases, odor and pollution
• Suggestions

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Overview of Biomass energy

• Biomass products have been used for thousands of
  years to
• cook food
• keep households warm
• Sources of biomass
• Animal waste
• Life stock-manure (Cows)
• Human-sludge
• organic component of municipal industrial wastes
• Wood and dry crop wastes are classified as
  biomass derived fuels
• Firewood is still the most common form of fuel

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Overview of Biomass energy

• It accounts for 3 of energy production in the
  U.S.
• Biomass is still the largest form of energy
  available in the US
• It ranks second (to hydropower) in renewable
  energy

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Effects of Biomass energy

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
• Generates carbon dioxide as fossil fuels do
• But CO2 is removed when a tree is grown
• The net CO2 emission will be zero if plants are
  grown for the purposes of biomass energy
• Planting a tree for each tree we cut is required

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Biomass Energy Applications

• BiofuelsConverting biomass into liquid fuels for
  transportation
• BiopowerBurning biomass directly, or converting
  it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate
  electricity
• BioproductsConverting biomass into chemicals for
  making products that typically are made from
  petroleum

http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html
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Biogas Production Tech
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Biogas (Digester gas)

• Mixture of gases

http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Typical Energy Production
http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Anaerobic Digesters

• Covered Lagoon Digester
• Manure storage lagoon with floating cover
• Liquid manure with lt 3 solid
• Complete Mix Digester
• Heated tank above or below ground
• Large manure volume with solid concentration 3
  10
• Plug-Flow Digester
• Digester with mixing pit for water
• Ruminant animal manure with solid concentration
  11 13

http//egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas
.shtml
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Mix Above Ground Digester
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Mix Above Ground Digester Tank

• Retention time of 20 days
• Size daily manure production X 20
• More efficient than plug-flow system
• Less effect from change in climate
• Stable production
• Less effective than covered lagoon system
• More expensive

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Components
http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Components
http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• Generate electricity
• Fuel for boiler, space heater, refrigeration
  equipment
• Directly combust as a cooking and lighting fuel
• Most equipment that use natural gas, propane, or
  butane fuels can be modified to operate on
  biogas.

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• Nearby green house could be heated with biogas
• Carbon dioxide from heater exhaust could enhance
  plant growth
• Recovered digested solids may be used for animal
  bedding
• Anaerobic digestion does not lower the total
  amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in
  the manure but does increase the amount of
  ammonia nitrogen
• The manure effluent will have a higher nutrient
  availability and plant uptake may be improved
  with digestion

http//www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html
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Benefits

• After digestion, compounds, which usually produce
  odors, are greatly reduced
• Digester systems, properly designed and operated,
  significantly reduce the odors associated with
  manure storage and distribution.

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Energy Requirements forSLO County

• Number of Households 97,230
• Number of People 237,709

http//factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable
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Energy Requirements forSLO County

• Number of People per Household
• 12,133 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year

http//www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.h
tml
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Methane ProductionSystem Considerations

• Success Rates
• Covered Lagoons 78
• Plug Flow 37
• Mix Digesters 30
• Choose to use covered lagoons due to success rates

http//ari.calpoly.edu/images/4674020pub201.doc
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Covered Lagoon Power Plants

• How much energy can be produced from each plant?
• Well choose the one from Cal Poly
• It produces 170,000 kWh / Plantyear

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How many power plants do we need to power the
county?
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Is such a system feasible?

• How many cows are required?

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Is such a system feasible?

• We need 3,993,400 cows manure to supply enough
  methane to power the county.
• Does SLO county have that many cows?
• Number of Cows in California 1.3 Million
• Not even California has enough cows to supply
  enough manure for SLO county energy production
  through methane.
• I Guess not!

http//www.cacheeseandbutter.org/mar98nws.htm
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Human Excretory System Consideration
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How much sludge does a cow produce?

• 1000 lb cow produces 80 lbs of sludge/day

http//www.nmdairy.org/faq1.htm
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How much sludge do we produce?
http//science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/18may_wast
enot.htm
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Ratio of Cow Sludge to Human Sludge
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How much sludge do we need to produce?
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Is this Human System Feasible?

• The Human population in California is 33,871,648
• We need 54,294,400 humans to supply enough
  methane to SLO county

http//www.classbrain.com/artstate/publish/article
_1226.shtml
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Current developing system

• In Corby, UK, Engineers have started to develop
  the first human sludge power generating system.
• It is based on a sewage works in
  Northamptonshire.
• Every flush will count in the scheme to provide
  5,000 local homes and businesses
• Ideal for small communities

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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Current developing system

• Each unit has to be no bigger than two Dutch
  barns.
• Expected cost is about 10 Million, or 18
  Million
• It will be paid off within 10 years.

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm
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What can we do with the Sludge?
What can we do? PROS CONS
Put it in landfill Cheap Not sustainable. We will run out of space. People dont like it. They are worried that things will get into the water supply.
Burning and using the energy produced. This may be able to power the sewage works and will become cheaper as technology develops. Expensive at the moment. People worry about gases realized.
Putting on the land for agriculture. Long term benefits to soil structure. Special rules govern which crops can be treated and how long to harvesting. The public approve if it has been well treated. Not the cheapest option
Dumping at sea   Banned
http//www.anglianwater.co.uk/index.php?sectionid
87contentid117
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Our Choice

• Use Sludge to Produce Energy
• Sustainable Energy makes sense for our future
• It will become cheaper as technology develops
• Conventional sources of energy will become more
  and more expensive
• millions efforts to save the earth

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How long will it take to pay off?

• Original Definitions
• P monthly payment
• A loan principal
• R APR (annual percentage rate) / 12
• Redefinitions
• P saved in energy per month
• A cost to set up and build the system
• R current prime rate / 12

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Actual Numbers (estimated)
Fibropower Limiteds project Eye Project costs
22 million System power capacity 12.7
Mega-watts

• R current prime rate / 12
• 6.0 / 12
• 0.005
• A cost of system
• 22 million
• 40.4 million

http//www.nfsn.com/library/prime.htm http//www.e
prl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html
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Continued

• P saved by the system per month
• (energy generated per month) x
  (conventional energy price)
• (operating costs maintenance costs)
• (9.278 M-kwh) x (0.12/kwh)
• (9.278 M-kwh) x (0.0675/kwh)
• 487,095 / month

http//www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html http
//www.nrbp.org/papers/004.pdf
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The Results!!

• 995.63 months 83 yrs
• A and R are directly proportional to of months
  to pay off
• P is inversely proportional to of months to pay
  off.
• Facts
• It is expensive at the moment A is large
• We use prime rate to estimate R will vary
• Conventional energy will approach shortage
• Technology will make the system more
  economically viable. ? P will Increase

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Disadvantages

• cost
• environmental impact
• odor and disease

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Cost

• On average, more expensive than conventional
  source of energy

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Environmental Impacts

• NOT emissions-free. They are known to emit
  nitrogen and sulfur oxides, particulate matter,
  carbon monoxide and ammonia
• only marginally effective at reducing problems
  with odors, pathogens and greenhouse gas
  emissions
• pose dangers to surrounding residents--leaking,
  emitting dangerous gases, and threatening to
  overflow.

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Continued

• DOES NOT reduce quantity of manure
• Heavy metal and toxic materials could not degrade
  by digester
• Manure used as fertilizer would bring these
  danger materials to consumers
• Land use

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Risk Control

• promoting proper pollutant source control and
  disposal of household and business hazardous
  wastes
• assessing treated sewage sludge quality, assuring
  appropriate land types and use for application
  while verifying compatibility with surrounding
  areas
• determining appropriate soil, landscape, and crop
  or vegetative conditions for biosolids use or
  restriction

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continued

• monitoring and overseeing transport, storage,
  application and land use during and after
  application.
• limiting harvest or grazing until appropriate
  time periods have elapsed.

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Odor Control

• Siting1 mile minimum downwind from neighbors,
  land base adequate for manure disposal, good soil
  drainage, and visibility.
• Frequent flushing or scraping.
• Solid separation keep solid stockpiles dry and
  preferably covered or compost them.

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continued

• Lagoon typeaerobic lagoons produce less odor
  than anaerobic lagoons.
• Lagoon covers.
• Windbreaks to reduce airflow across lagoons.
• Proper maintenance of the facility inside and
  out.
• Applying manure when the wind is calm and
  incorporating the manure as soon as possible.

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Conclusion
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Possible solutions (Nuclear Energy)

• Uranium
• Uranium can be extracted from seawater or earths
  crust
• It can be extracted from seawater at less than
  1000 per pound
• Considers 200-400 per pound the best estimate.
• In terms of fuel cost per million BTU, he gives
  (uranium at 400 per pound 1.1 cents , coal
  1.25, OPEC oil 5.70, natural gas 3-4.)

• http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
  htm

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Nuclear Energy

• Deposition and energy yield
• Rivers bring more uranium that is 3.2x104
  tons/yr
• we can extract 16,000 tons/yr of uranium from
  seawater
• It would supply 25 times the world's present
  electricity usage
• http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
  html

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Nuclear Energy

• Availability
• Seawater contains 3.3x10(-9) (3.3 parts per
  billion) of uranium
• So the 1.4x1018 tons of seawater contains
  4.6x109 tons of uranium
• All the world's electricity usage, 650GWe could
  therefore be supplied by the uranium in seawater
  for 7 million years

http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
html
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Nuclear Energy

• It can yield twice the world's present total
  energy
• The supply would last for 5 billion years with a
  withdrawal rate of 6,500 tons/yr
• The crust contains 6.5x1013 tons of uranium.

http//www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.
html
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Solar Power

• Powering with solar energy tower

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• End