Geothermal, Wave, and Hydroelectric Energy

1
Geothermal, Wave, and Hydroelectric Energy

• Katie Lalla
• Calvin Mendel

2
How do they all work?

• Geothermal
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_idannotat
  ion_334575featureivsrc_vid-ajqiPe_9Kovh1LMFy
  Cgs14
• Wave Power (just one of the systems)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vF0mzrbfzUpM
• Hydroelectric Power
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcEL7yc8R42k

• Geothermal
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_idannotat
  ion_334575featureivsrc_vid-ajqiPe_9Kovh1LMFy
  Cgs14
• Wave Power (just one of the systems)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vF0mzrbfzUpM
• Hydroelectric Power
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcEL7yc8R42k

3
History of Geothermal Energy

• Paleolithic times- hot springs used for bathing
• Roman times- space heating in homes
• Qin Dynasty 3rd century BC- stone pool fed by hot
  spring, oldest spa
• First century AD- Romans conquered Bath,
  Somerset, England, and used hot springs to feed
  public baths and make under-floor heating.
  Admission paid for these public baths most likely
  represents the first commercial use of geothermal
  power.

4
History Continued

• 14th century- Worlds oldest geothermal district
  heating system in France is still in operation
• 1892, Boise, Idaho- USAs first district heating
  system powered entirely by geothermal energy
• 1900, Oregon- copied Idahos heating plan
• 1926ish- geysers used to heat greenhouses in
  Tuscany
• 1930- Charlie Lieb developed first down hole heat
  exchanger to heat his house
• July 4, 1904- Prince Piero Conti tested first
  geothermal power generatorit successfully lit
  FOUR light bulbs!
• 1911- worlds first geothermal power plant built
  in Laderello, Italy
• 1946-Kroeker developed first commercial heat pump
  to heat the Commonwealth Building in Oregon.

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Heat Pump
6
History Continued (part 3!)

• 1960- Pacific Gas and Electric (PGE) began first
  geothermal electrical power plant, the original
  turbine lasted 30 years and produced 11 MW of net
  power.
• 1979- Development of polybutylene pipe helped
  make heat pump economically viable.
• 1981- binary cycle power plant introduced to the
  US
• 2006- binary cycle power plant in Alaska

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Binary Cycle Power Plant
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Advantages!

• Cost per kWh ranges from 0.05 to 0.08
• Minimal environmental impacts and emissions.
• Generate economic development opportunities,
  creating jobs in more rural areas
• Can provide power at all times if necessary
  (unlike solar, wind, etc), can operate
  approximately 98 of the time
• Can help protect against volatile electricity
  prices
• Recent advances allow for maximum resource use
  and minimal drilling

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MORE Advantages!

• Very small amount of air emissions low amounts
  of CO2, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and
  most often, no nitrogen oxides
• Geothermal plants are the largest taxpayers in
  nearly every country they exist
• Can be used directly in aquaculture, greenhouses,
  and industrial and agricultural processes,
  resorts and spas, heating, and cooling.
• Can be used to cascade, meaning to use the same
  source for two or more needs simultaneously,
  saving energy in the process

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Disadvantages

• Best potential resources located on rural or
  remote areas
• The process of developing government or state
  owned lands can be cumbersome and discouraging
• The process of exploration and drilling can be
  expensive
• The success rate for finding new, untapped areas
  is about 20
• If managed ineffectively, geothermal resources
  will decline in productivity over time

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Some Graphs

• Nitrogen Oxide Emission for US Power Plants

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions for US Power Plants
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Sulfur Dioxide Emissions for US Power Plants
14
Just How Much? Some Numbers

• About 70 countries made use of around 270
  petajoules (A little over 50 tons of TNT) of
  geothermal heating in 2004
• Residential heating, with a capability of around
  10 kW, can cost around 1000-3000 to install

15
Land Use? More Numbers
16
Geothermal Home Systems

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuVDBRQvBVso
• If this sounds like an advertisement, thats
  because it is. But it makes geothermal energy
  sound awesome!

17
How does a geothermal plant work?
18
These guys explain it far better than I ever will.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkjpp2MQffnw

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CASE STUDY The Geysers

• Comprised of 45 sq. miles of steam field
  reservoirs, about 22 power plants
• Net power of 725 MW, enough to power around
  725,000 homes (or a city the size of San
  Francisco)
• The largest possible (although not probable)
  seismic event is M5.0

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Where is geothermal energy most viable?
22
Map of Seismic Plates
23
Iceland and Geothermal Energy

• Benefits from location along fault line
• Many volcanoes
• 26.2 of the nations energy comes from
  geothermal sources
• In Iceland, 93 of the homes are geothermally
  heated, saving approximately 100 Million
  annually in avoided oil imports
• Compare with the U.S.

24
A lesson in Icelandic

• Everyones favorite volcano Eyjafjallajökull
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBRnnJ45sCIw

• Everyones favorite volcano Eyjafjallajökull
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBRnnJ45sCIw

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The volcano with the ridiculous name
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27
Volcanic activity in Iceland
28
Random Factoids

• Any heat withdrawn from the earth is
  infinitesimally small compared to the heat of the
  earths core, making geothermal energy a viable
  renewable resource.
• 122 kg of CO2 is produced per megawatt-hour, a
  nearly negligible amount compared to most fossil
  fuels.
• By maintaining the resource, environmental risk
  is decreased to a trifling amount.

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Random Factoids!

• Heat pumps are the fastest growing way to harness
  geothermal energy, growing at around 30 each
  year around the world
• Reykjavik, Iceland used to be thought of as one
  of the most polluted cities in the world, and is
  now considered one of the cleanest.
• The largest seismic event related to geothermal
  activities was M3.7 in Australia.

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Geothermal energy for the future

• Relatively low environmental impact? Check.
• Massive amounts of untapped resources? Check.
• Like other forms of renewable energy in that
• It is expensive now
• Technology will gradually but inevitably be
  upgraded

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Wave Energy History (yeah theres history)

• 1799- first patent in Paris to Girard and his son
• 1910- Bochaux-Praceique near Bordeaux to light
  and power his house, it seems that this was the
  first oscillating water-column type of
  wave-energy device
• 1940s and 50s- Yoshio Masuda researched how to
  draw power from ocean waves
• 1973- oil spill caused many university
  researchers to rethink wave energy as a power
  source
• 1974- Salter invented Salters duck or nodding
  duck that can stop 90 wave motion and convert
  90 of it to energy, making it 81 efficient

33
Modern Technologies

• PowerBuoy
• Offshore Location
• Captured via Buoy
• Originated in US
• Built in 1997
• A rack and pinion in the buoy spins a generator,
  then electricity is transmitted through a
  submerged power line
• Installed only 5 miles offshore, in 100-200 feet
  of water
• Generates around 150kW

34
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter

• Offshore Location
• Captured by surface following attenuator
• Originated in UK (Scotland)
• Built in 1998
• First tested in 2004
• P2 tested in 2010

35
Wave Dragon (yeah, for real!)

• Offshore Location
• Captured via surface following attenuator
• Originated in Denmark
• Created in 2003
• Large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into
  an offshore reservoir. Water returns to the ocean
  via gravity through hydroelectric generators

36
Anaconda Wave Energy Converter

• Offshore Location
• Captured via surface following attenuator
• Originated in the UK
• Created in 2008
• 200m long tube that, as waves run through it,
  waves are created inside the tube propelling
  turbines at the end of the tube

37
FlanSea

• Offshore Location
• Captured via buoy
• Originated in Belgium
• Created in 2010
• Developed for use in southern North Sea
  conditions, bobs and generates electricity that
  way

38
SeaRaser

• Nearshore Location
• Captured by buoy
• Originated in UK
• Created in 2008
• Pistons attached to sea floor and to a buoy, as
  buoy rises, pressurized water is pumped off to
  drive hydraulic generators

39
CETO Wave Power

• Offshore Location
• Captured by buoy
• Originated in Australia
• Created in 1999
• Buoy floats in the water, attached to a piston.
  Piston pumps as buoys rise and fall due to water
  rising and falling.

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Great News!

• The current usability of this resource is
  estimated to be greater than 2 TW (thats a lot)
• Waves ARENT GOING AWAY! As long as we have the
  moon and wind, were good to go!

41
However

• Noise pollution, if not monitored carefully, may
  cause damage to surrounding marine life (other
  possible impacts are being studied)
• Current technologies can only catch about 18.5
  of the current energy produced by a wave (but 500
  gigawatts is still a decent amount!)
• Wave farms may cause displacement of local
  fisherman as well as contribute to unsafe
  navigation in areas with these farms nearby

42
How do they herd the waves?...

• Nearly 15 different wave farms exist around the
  world, a surprising majority of which are in the
  United States
• Ocean Power Technologies, a company based out of
  Pennsylvania, is involved in all five of the US
  wave farms

43
Where are good wave farm areas?

• Western seaboard of Europe
• Northern UK coast
• Pacific coastlines of North and South America,
  South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
• North and South temperate zones (prevailing
  westerlies blow the strongest in winter)

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Wave Farm Fun Facts!

• Aguacadoura Wave Farm in Portugal was the worlds
  first wave farm, but went out of business two
  months later due to the owners going bankrupt.
  They created 2.25 MW
• Cornwall, a future wave hub in England, plans to
  generate between 20 and 40 MW of power, which
  would power approximately 7,500 homes. The
  savings are seen to be around 300,000 tons of CO2
  in the next 25 years

46
The Big Kahuna

• Coors Bay, Oregon future home of the largest
  wave power generator (100 MW)
• Will have 200 PowerBuoys, 20 undersea
  sub-stations, and an undersea cable to deliver
  the power to the power plant

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Approximate Monthly Wave Energy at project site
48
More Kahuna

• The power generated annually (approximately
  275,000 KW/h) will be enough to power 24,900
  homes
• 140,250 tons of carbon dioxide will be displaced
  every year the plant is in production (like
  removing 29,000 cars from the road each year!)

49
But what drawbacks could there possibly be??

• For starters, waves are unpredictable. May be
  consistently providing power, may not be, thus
  cannot (obviously) be relied upon as a sole
  source of energy
• Although generators cause no pollution once
  constructed, hydraulic fluid may leak into the
  ocean water and cause environmental issues
• Can not only cause problems to marine life, but
  anyone living too nearby may be annoyed by the
  noise and sight of these bulky, ugly machines
• The harnessing of the energy is only as effective
  as the cables it is carried through, making
  transportation fairly ineffective, although
  possible since we are very well versed as a world
  in transporting electrical energy

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MORE WATER AHEAD!History

• Has been used since ancient times to grind flour
  (or steal years of life? Princess Bride
  reference?)
• Mid 1770s- Bernard Forest de Belidor published
  Architecture Hydraulique describing vertical and
  horizontal axis hydraulics
• 1878- first scheme for hydraulic power plant by
  William George Armstrong in England. It powered a
  single lamp in his gallery.
• 1881- Schoelkopf Power Station 1 near Niagra
  Falls (on the US side) began producing
  electricity
• 1882- First Edison power plant in Wisconsin had
  an output of 12.5 kilowatts (not a lot)

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Mmmm. More History.

• 1886- Approximately 45 hydraulic power plants in
  the US AND Canada
• 1889- over 200 hydraulic power plants in the US
  alone
• Turn of the 20th century- Grenoble, France held
  the International Exhibition of Hydropower and
  Tourism

52
Lots of History

• 1920s- 40 of the USs power came from
  hydroelectric plants
• 1920- Federal Power Act- created Federal Power
  Commission to oversee hydraulic power plants on
  government land and water
• 1928- Hoover Dam. Produced 1,345 MW of power
• Federal funding became available for larger scale
  projects, such as Tennessee Valley Authority
  (1933) and Bonneville Power Association (1937,
  created the Bonneville Dam)

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HistoryLast One

• 1942- Grand Coulee Dam replaced the Hoover Dam as
  the largest energy producer, with over 6,000 MW
  of power
• 1984- Itapu Dam in South America topped charts
  with over 14,000 MW of power
• 2008- Three Gorges Dam, in China, sprinted past
  Itapu and came in at over 22,000 MW of power

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For the US
55
For the Whole World
56
Where do we stand?
57
How do we get it?

• Dams (duh)
• Basically, water from high up pours through
  little tubes and past turbines, spinning the
  turbines and powering the generator. Bam. Power.

58
More Good Things!

• These are pumped storage dam-things, meaning they
  reuse the water theyve already let flow through.
  During the day, in most places (although some
  places are more or less likely to fit this
  generalization, ie TEXAS in SUMMER) a fairly
  large amount of electricity is used. But at 3AM,
  much less power is needed. Instead of just
  letting water continue to run and generate
  useless and hard-to-store power, that excess is
  used to pull water back up to the top of the
  reservoir to await another day of needed
  hydroelectric power!

59
Run-of-the-River Plants

• Essentially, these have little or no reservoirs
  and must use any electricity immediately, or
  allow the water to bypass the dam until
  electricity is needed

60
Tidal Power (a brief description)

• Basically, as the tide comes in and out, the
  turbines spin and power the generator. Pretty
  basic stuff.
• Also very predictable since tides come in and go
  out at particular times.

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UNDERGROUND

• Same general idea. Water flowing from one water
  source to the other turns a turbine powering a
  generator.

62
Advantages!

• Power is provided free and clear by nature, very
  little pollutants arise as a cause of
  hydroelectric power plants
• RELATIVELY low building and maintenance costs
• Renewable and reliable! Unless a massive drought
  occurs out of thin air with absolutely no
  warning, this source will continue to provide
• We KNOW this works! Not to say it couldnt ever
  be improved, but theres hardly any guessing as
  to whether itll work or how itll end up working
  or the amount of power itll supply, we already
  know!

63
Some other great things!

• Can actually contribute to improving the
  diversity of our energy sources by providing a
  stable renewable source of energy to start us
  off, allowing us to go on and incorporate more of
  other sources (like Aeolian -wind- energy, or
  solar)
• Reservoirs collect rainwater, which can be used
  as drinking water, and allows us to save the
  water tables
• Hydroelectric plants can help under or
  undeveloped countries become more developed by
  providing jobs, electricity and infrastructure
• Reservoirs can provide places for water sports,
  agriculture, aquaculture (fish-growing),
  irrigation, and may (like the Hoover Dam) become
  attractions in themselves

64
Not so great things

• Depends on precipitation (hydrology), so if
  theres a drought or dry period of any sort, it
  may not be able to function.
• Can harm the wildlife or environment, or aquatic
  life (fish entrapment)
• May change the quality of the water source
• May, in some cases, displace populations of
  PEOPLE
• Hard to store this kind of energy for very long.
  Possible, but not so easy. Again, wires are not
  so great, but we do use them

65
Random, and watery, facts!

• China leads the world with its production of
  hydroelectric power, followed by Canada, Brazil,
  THEN the US.
• Approximately 2/3 of potential hydroelectric
  power has been developed. Sources to develop
  still exist in parts of South America, China,
  etc.

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More (watery) Random Facts!

• Hydropower, in the 20th century, was referred to
  as white coal due to its power and availability
• Norway, Democratic Republic of Congo, Paraguay,
  and Brazil get around or more than 85 of their
  power from hydroelectric power
• The US has around 2,000 hydroelectric power
  plants which account for around 49 of our
  RENEWABLE power, AKA around 19 of our power in
  general

67
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