TO

1

• INTRODUCTION
• TO
• AROMATHERAPY

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WHAT IS AROMATHERAPY ?

• Aromatherapy uses pure essential oils to balance
  the bodys equilibrium and to improve mental and
  physical health.
• Aromatherapy involves more than fragrance. Plant
  essential oils have therapeutic powers in
  addition to beneficial fragrance, and all are
  antiseptic in different degrees.

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WHAT IS AROMATHERAPY ?

• The natural healing art of aromatherapy is an
  excellent way to promote optimum health and
  vitality.
• Aromatherapy can reduce stress, improve sleep and
  give you more energy. It can improve your
  complexion, treat an annoying skin itch and
  eliminate a stomachache.

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WHAT IS AROMATHERAPY ?

• Aromatherapy is a healing therapy that utilises
  the properties and aromas of essential plant
  oils.
• Perhaps the best thing about aromatherapy is that
  it is so easy and pleasurable to engage in.

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Definition of Aromatherapy

• Aromatherapy conveys the concept of healing with
  aromatic substances. - Robert Tisserand
• Aromatherapy is a caring, hands-on therapy which
  seeks to induce relaxation, to increase energy,
  to reduce the effects of stress and to restore
  lost balance to mind, body and soul. - Robert
  Tisserand

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Definition of Aromatherapy

• Aromatherapy can be defined as the controlled
  use of essential oils to maintain and promote
  physical, psychological, and spiritual
  wellbeing. Gabriel Mojay
• Aromatherapy is the skilled and controlled use
  of essential oils for physical and emotional
  health and well being. - Valerie Cooksley

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Definition of Aromatherapy

• Aromatherapy is derived from two words. Aroma -
  meaning fragrance or smell and Therapy - meaning
  treatment.
• Aromatherapy can be defined as the art and
  science of utilizing naturally extracted aromatic
  essences from plants to balance, harmonize and
  promote the health of body, mind and spirit.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• Aromatherapy was used by the most ancient
  civilizations and is reputed to be at least 6000
  years old. It is widely thought that Aromatherapy
  began in Egypt.
• The Egyptians used a method known as infusion to
  extract the oils from aromatic plants and incense
  was probably one of the earliest ways of using
  aromatics.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• Frankincense was burned at sun rise as an
  offering to the sun god, Ra and myrrh was offered
  to the moon.
• The Egyptians were experts at embalming using
  aromatics to help preserve flesh.
• The Egyptians used to be massaged with fragrant
  oils after bathing .

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• The Greeks continued the use of aromatic oils and
  used them medicinally and cosmetically.
• A Greek physician, Pedacius Dioscorides, wrote a
  book about herbal medicine and for at least 1,200
  years as the Western world's standard medical
  reference. Many of the remedies he mentions are
  still in use today in Aromatherapy.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• The Romans took much of their medical knowledge
  from the Greeks and went on to use and improve
  the ability of aromatics with Rome becoming the
  bathing capital of the world.
• After bathing they would be oiled and massaged.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• The Romans started to import new aromatic
  products from East India and Arabia through the
  opening up of trade routes.
• During the crusades the knowledge of aromatic
  oils and perfumes spread to the Far East and
  Arabia.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• It was a physician called Avicenna who lived from
  A.D 980 to A.D. 1037 that is understood to have
  first used the process known as distillation to
  distil essence of rose, although it probably took
  many years to perfect the process.
• The Arabs also discovered how to distil alcohol
  around the same time making it possible to
  produce perfumes without a heavy oily base.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• There is a strong possibility that the ancient
  Chinese civilizations were using some form of
  aromatics at the same time as the Egyptians.
• Shen Nung's Herbal book is the oldest surviving
  medical book in China which is dated about 2700
  B.C. and contains information on over 300 plants.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• The Chinese used aromatic herbs and burned
  aromatic woods and incense to show respect to
  God.
• Traditional Indian medicine known as ayurveda has
  been practiced for more than 3,000 years and it
  incorporates aromatic massage as one of its main
  aspects.

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HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY

• The North American Indians also used aromatic
  oils and produced their own herbal remedies.
• It wasn't until the 19th century that scientists
  in Europe and Great Britain began researching the
  effects of essential oils on bacteria in humans.

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Origin of the word Aromatherapie

• The term aromatherapie was coined by a French
  chemist called Rene Maurice Gattefosse in 1928.
• Gattefosse whose family owned a perfumery
  business, while working in the laboratory one day
  burned his hand badly. He plunged the injured
  hand into a container of lavender essential oil
  and was amazed at how quickly the burn healed
  without blistering.

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Origin of the word Aromatherapie

• And this event set Gattefosse on a lifetime study
  of the therapeutic properties of plant oils. He
  utilized the word to imply the therapeutic use of
  aromatic substances.
• A French medical doctor, Jean Valnet, discovered
  Gattefosse's research and began experimenting
  with essential oils during the World War II.

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Origin of the word Aromatherapie

• Around the same time, Marguerite Maury, a French
  biochemist developed a unique method of diluting
  and applying these oils to the skin with massage
  - the treatment which we know today as
  Aromatherapy.

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What are Essential Oils ?

• Essential oils occur widely in the plant kingdom
  and are sometimes referred to as the plants
  life force or essence or soul.
• They are minute drops of liquid occurring in
  glands, glandular hairs, sacs or veins of
  different plant parts flowers, leaves, seeds,
  bark (twigs) and wood (stem), resin (gum), roots,
  berries or fruit peel of the plant.

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What are Essential Oils ?

• Essential oils give each plant its very specific
  or unique scent or fragrance. (E.g. as you smell
  the beautiful fragrance of a rose, you are
  actually experiencing the joy of essential oils
  as they are released into the atmosphere)
• Essential oils droplets are a mixture of complex,
  organic compounds. When extracted, they are
  highly concentrated and highly fragrant.

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What are Essential Oils ?

• Essential oils are volatile, which means that
  they turn quickly from a liquid into a gas at
  room temperature or higher.
• They are also non-oily, despite their name. A
  good test of the purity of these aromatic
  substances is that they do not leave a greasy
  mark on a piece of paper. However, there are a
  few exceptions to this rule, such as myrrh and
  patchouli.

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What are Essential Oils ?

• Essential oils are soluble in oils, fats and pure
  alcohol, but they are partially or non-soluble in
  water.
• Essential oils are also flammable!! (Experiment
  Squeeze a lemon or orange rind into a candle
  flame to see tiny fireworks!)
• They can be damaged by light, heat, air and
  moisture. Therefore, we must know how to take
  good care of our precious essential oils.

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What are Essential Oils ?

• Essential oils are usually very liquid and do not
  feel greasy at all.
• Essential oils can only be produced by nature.
  Therefore, they are natural.

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Where Essential Oils are found?

• Flowers ? chamomile, lavender, neroli, rose
• Leaves ? eucalyptus, peppermint
• Wood ? cedarwood, rosewood, sandalwood
• Fruits ? bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, orange
• Berries ? black pepper, juniper

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Where Essential Oils are found?

• Twigs ? petitgrain
• Roots ? angelica, ginger, vetiver
• Seeds ? angelica, cardamon, carrot, nutmeg
• Gum ? myrrh
• Whole plant ? basil, citronella, lemongrass

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Where Essential Oils are found?

• It is interesting to note that different oil can
  sometimes be extracted from different parts of a
  particular plant
• Angelica seed oil and root oil
• Cinnamon leaf oil and bark oil

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Where Essential Oils are found?

• Clove leaf oil and bud oil
• Orange tree
• blossom ? neroli
• fruit ? orange
• leaves and twigs ? petitgrain

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Habitat

• Over 30 families of plants, with some 90 species,
  represent the main oil-producing group.
• The majority of spices (allspice, cardamon,
  clove, nutmeg, ginger, etc.) originate in
  tropical countries.

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Habitat

• Conversely, the majority of herbs grow in
  temperate climates (bay, cumin, dill, marjoram,
  fennel, lavender, rosemary, thyme, etc.).
• The same plant grown in a different region and
  under different conditions can produce essential
  oils of widely diverse characteristics, which are
  known as chemotypes.

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Habitat

• Therefore, it is important not only to know the
  botanical name of the plant from which an oil has
  been produced, but also its place of origin and
  main constituents.

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Main constituents of essential oils

• In general, essential oils consist of chemical
  compounds which have hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
  as their building blocks. These can be subdivided
  into two groups
• Hydrocarbons made up almost exclusively of
  terpenes.
• Oxygenated compounds mainly alcohols,
  aldehydes, esters, ketones, oxides and phenols.

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Main constituents of essential oils

• Acids, lactones, sulphur and nitrogen compounds
  are sometimes also present.
• True essential oils may only be obtained by the
  methods of distillation or expression that
  preserve the life-giving vital essence of the
  plant.

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Main constituents of essential oils

• Please refer to Table 1 for
• Chemical Groups
• Please refer to Table 2 for
• Aromatic Chemical Groups, and their Uses

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How are Essential Oils produced?

• Essential oils that have been extracted via the
  process of distillation or expression are the
  highest grade and purest and are most commonly
  used for the purposes of aromatherapy.
• Oils obtained by solvent extraction are primarily
  used by the perfume, herbal medicine, skincare
  and food industries.

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How are Essential Oils produced?

• Some plant materials, especially flowers, are
  subject to deterioration and so they should be
  processed as soon as possible after harvesting.
• Others including seeds and roots are either
  stored or transported for extraction, often to
  Europe or America.

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How are Essential Oils produced?

• The method of extraction which is employed
  depends on the quality of the material which is
  being used, and the type of aromatic product that
  is required.
• Steam distillation is by far the most widely used
  and most economical method.

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Steam distillation process

• The plant is heated by water or steam in a still
  which causes the cell structure to rupture and
  frees the essential oil.
• The steam carrying the aromatic molecules is
  cooled to produce a mixture of oil and water.
• The essential oil is then separated and bottled.

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Expression process

• This method of extraction is employed for
  obtaining oil from citrus fruits such as
  bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange,
  mandarin and tangerine, as their oil is present
  in the rind of the fruit.
• The expression process was originally carried out
  by hand, but now mechanical presses are employed.

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Other processes

• Other processes do not yield true essential oils
• Solvent (alcohol, benzene, hexane) extraction
  which produces absolutes, concretes and
  resinoids.
• Enfleurage (infusion with fat) which produces
  pomades and then enfleurage absolutes. This
  process is virtually obsolete today.

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Other processes

• Maceration with alcohol which produces tinctures.
• Carbon dioxide extraction which employs carbon
  dioxide under extremely high pressure to extract
  essential oils.

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Other processes (latest)

• Percolation (hydrodiffusion) whereby steam at
  atmospheric pressure disperses throughout the
  plant material from the top of the plant chamber.
• Turbodistillation extraction whereby the plants
  are soak in water, and steam circulates through
  this plant-and-water mixture.

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Production Of Essential Oils

• Plants contain from 0.01 to 10 essential oil
  content. The average amount found in most
  aromatic plants is about 1 to 2.
• A 1 yield indicates that 100 kilos of plant
  material are required to produce 1 liter of
  essential oil.
• It is interesting to note that the amount nature
  has provided in its original plant form strongly
  correlates to the amounts used in aromatherapy
  applications!

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Production Of Essential Oils

• An oil such as the highly expensive rose oil
  yields just 0.01 essential oil. No wonder it is
  so costly!
• Rose oil Bulgarian takes approximately 4,000
  pounds of hand-picked flower petals to make 1
  pound of oil, making it one of the most expensive
  oils that can be purchased!

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Production Of Essential Oils

• 60,000 rose blooms are required to produce 1
  ounce of rose oil.
• 220 pounds of Lavender plant to produce 7 pounds
  of oil.
• 400 kg of Thyme would produce 1kg of essential
  oil.
• 6,000 kg of Orange blossoms to produce 1kg of
  Neroli.

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Production Of Essential Oils

• Jasmine flowers must be picked by hand before the
  sun becomes hot on the very first day they open.
  It takes eight million hand-picked jasmine
  blossoms to produce 2.2 pounds of oil! That is
  why, it is also one of the most expensive oils on
  the market.
• Sandalwood tree must be thirty years old and
  thirty feet high before it is cut down for
  distillation.

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How do Essential Oils work?

• Essential oils enter the body by two main routes
  the nose and the skin.
• They enter and leave the body efficiently,
  leaving no toxins behind.
• Essential oils are taken directly into the blood
  stream they have a positive effect on blood
  circulation, helping to bring oxygen and
  nutrients to the tissues whilst assisting in the
  disposal of carbon dioxide and other waste
  materials .

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Nose-brain connection

• The olfactory system, the nose-brain association,
  is the most direct connection we have with the
  environment or nature.
• We smell with every breath we take, constantly
  monitoring the world around us, although we are
  not always conscious that we are doing so.

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Nose-brain connection

• Our sense of smell is approximately 10,000
  times more sensitive than any other sensory organ
  we possess.
• Our nose-brain connection is very powerful. When
  we inhale an essential oil it affects the limbic
  part of our brain which is where our emotions and
  mood functions are seated.

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The Power of our NOSE
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Nose-brain connection

• Aromas and memories are very strongly linked.
• Perhaps the smell of lavender will remind you of
  your favourite grandmother (or the grandmother
  you were not particularly fond of !)

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Nose-brain connection

• Whenever a smell, such as freshly baked bread,
  freshly ground coffee or a perfume that your
  mother wore, may evokes a memory.
• All the above happenings are because of the
  nose-brain connection.

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Refresh - Memory
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Absorption through the skin

• Our skin (our largest organ) is designed to let
  some substances in and to keep others out.
  Essential oils, unlike many other substances, are
  able to penetrate through the skin (via pores and
  hair follicles) because of their small molecules.
• Essential oils are absorbed into the bloodstream
  from where they may be transported to any organs
  or structures where they are needed.

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Absorption through the skin

• Poor circulation, thick toughened skin, or
  excessive cellulite or fat may slow down the rate
  of absorption.
• Whereas heat (e.g. sauna or massage), water (e.g.
  aromatic bath), aerobic exercise, and broken or
  damaged skin will cause increased absorption.

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Absorption through the skin

• Also, the carrier oil used may affect the
  absorption rate, since some vegetable oils are
  heavier than others.
• It takes anywhere from 15 minutes to 12 hours for
  essential oils to be fully absorbed.

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Absorption through the skin

• It takes about 3 to 6 hours to expel or
  metabolize them in a normal healthy body, and up
  to 12 to 14 hours for an unhealthy, obese body.
• One factor that will make this time interval
  variable is the condition of the skin.

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Method of excretions

• Unlike synthetic chemicals or drugs, essential
  oils do not accumulate in the body.
• Essential oils are then excreted in the urine,
  faeces or via our perspiration or our breath.
• If you find this difficult to believe, then do
  this experiment

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Method of excretions

• EXPERIMENT
• Rub a freshly cut clove of garlic on the sole of
  your foot. After about 15 to 30 minutes, you (or
  your partner) will detect the smell of garlic on
  your breath!
• The method of excretion differs among oils.

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Method of excretions

• Juniper and Sandalwood are excreted through the
  urine, as their aroma can be detected there.
• Geranium, which assists in increasing circulatory
  functions, is detected in the perspiration.
• Garlic, if you eat a lot of Italian food, will
  exit the body through our breath.

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Method of excretions

• Essential oils basically have a low potential to
  be physically habit-forming because they are
  eliminated extremely quickly through the skin and
  organs.
• Hence, there is no residual or accumulative
  effect to withdraw from or become addicted to.

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Modes of action

• It is important to recognize that essential oils
  have three distinct modes of action with regard
  to how they inter-relate with the human body
• Pharmacological
• Physiological
• Psychological

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Modes of action

• The pharmacological effect is concerned with the
  chemical changes which take place when an
  essential oil enters the bloodstream and reacts
  with the hormones and enzymes, etc.
• The physiological mode is concerned with the way
  in which an essential oil affects the systems of
  the body, whether they are sedated or stimulated,
  etc.

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Modes of action

• The psychological effect takes place when an
  essence is inhaled, and an individual responds to
  its odor.
• With relation to the first two points,
  Aromatherapy has a great deal in common with the
  tradition of medical herbalism or phytotherapy.
  In fact, these two forms of therapy are not
  synonymous, but complementary.

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Serene
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What is not Aromatherapy?

• The practice of using essences that did not
  originate from an aromatic plant that was once
  alive is not Aromatherapy.
• 95 of the products sold as aromatherapy are
  counterfeits pseudo-aromatherapy. Their aromas
  derive from synthetic scents, and they offer no
  therapeutic value whatsoever.

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What is not Aromatherapy?

• True Aromatherapy never uses synthetic aromatic
  substances.
• Pseudo-aromatherapy relies on synthetic
  petrochemicals that merely smell but have no
  healing qualities. Simply having an aroma doesnt
  make something Aromatherapy.

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Pseudo-aromatherapy

• Everyday, thousands of consumers unknowingly
  purchase pseudo-aromatherapy products as mass
  marketers strive to gain a greater market share
  of the Aromatherapy trend.
• Mass marketers have corrupted the category and
  robbed the word Aromatherapy of its original
  meaning and its authenticity.

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Pseudo-aromatherapy

• In their confusion, and through misplaced trust,
  millions of people mistakenly purchase
  Aromatherapy products they believe will improve
  their health and well-being.
• These petrochemical impostors possess the
  potential to seriously harm the health of the
  people who seek healing from them.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• Many perfumes or oils, once obtained from flowers
  like Carnation, Gardenia and Lilac, are nowadays
  produced almost entirely synthetically.
• These chemically constructed products are called
  nature identical.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• However, the so-called nature identical
  products and the naturally occurring substances
  are of an entirely different character, which is
  reflected in their relative costs
• The synthetic types are much cheaper to produce
  than the genuine ones.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• Most nature identical oils are said to be only
  about 96 pure or accurate.
• Yet it is the remaining 4, the trace elements
  (found in natural aromatic oils) that often
  really define a particular fragrance or odor.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• It is also the specific combination of
  constituents in a real essential oil, including
  the trace elements, which give it value
  therapeutically.
• For e.g., Rose has over 300 different
  constituents, some of which have not yet been
  identified. Which is why synthetic Rose oil is
  unconvincing.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• Nature identical oils cannot be used
  therapeutically as substitutes for the naturally
  occurring aromatic materials.
• It is because the subtle balance of constituents
  is lost and they lack the vital life force of
  oils of natural origin.

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Natural versus Nature Identical

• Many, if not all, Aromatherapists believe the
  whole or entire essential oil in its natural
  form should be used to insure its greatest
  therapeutic value.
• Otherwise, one increases the risk of toxicity!

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Pure or Adulterated?

• The terms pure or natural when applied to an
  oil refer to its authenticity. They promise that
  the product is both unadulterated and derived
  from the actual botanical species for which it is
  named.
• Oils are adulterated for many reasons, including
  world demand, availability and cost.

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Pure or Adulterated?

• Rare and expensive oils are the most likely
  candidates for adulteration.
• "Quality" refers to the degree of excellence or
  the grade of an oil.
• Quality can be affected by the methods under
  which the plant source was grown and picked, and
  its oils were extracted and processed.

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Pure or Adulterated?

• Genuine and authentic essential oils are the most
  therapeutic and will have a fuller, sweeter, and
  milder character. Therefore, very little is
  needed, justifying the higher cost.
• When using a cheaper, perhaps adulterated oil,
  you naturally increase your risks considerably!

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Pure or Adulterated?

• It is possible to assess the purity of individual
  essences using high-tech methods such as
  Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC).
• With GLC analysis, there is a good chance that
  any adulteration of the oil can be discovered.
  Because each essential oil has its own unique
  fingerprint.

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Adulterated Oils

• Fractionated / Rectified / Redistilled Oils Some
  oils are double/triple distilled to remove
  "undesirable" constituents.
• Though this may be useful in some situations
  (terpeneless citrus oils keep longer redistilled
  eucalyptus or peppermint smells more pleasant),
  but many consumers want, and need, whole oils for
  therapeutic purposes.

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Adulterated Oils

• Extended Oils Often, less-expensive oils or
  synthetic filler are added to expensive ones.
• Rose oil is often extended with the natural
  compound geraniol, found in the Geranium (or
  other plants), which has a distinctive rose-like
  scent.
• Sometimes essential oils are diluted with a
  vegetable oil (e.g. jojoba) or alcohol.

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Adulterated Oils

• Reconstructed Oils Sometimes individual
  constituents (may be fractions of other essential
  oils) are combined to match the major
  constituents found in essential oils.
• Example is a reconstructed Thyme, which might
  consist of carvacrol, thymol and linalol - all
  components found naturally in Thyme, but derived
  from other natural, or perhaps synthetic, sources.

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Adulterated Oils

• Reconstituted Oils There are also oils that have
  had natural or synthetic chemical components
  added to them after distillation.
• Co-distilled Oils 1) Putting two different
  plants or plant parts in the still and steaming
  them together to produce one oil 2) Adding an
  essential oil to plant material and distilling
  them together, again producing one oil.

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Follow your Nose

• If all these adulterations can be overwhelmingly
  confusing, it's comforting to know that your own
  Nose can be your best resource.
• Preference in odor is a personal thing, but
  people can train their noses to detect the
  differences between real and synthetic oils and,
  to some extent, variations of quality.

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Follow your Nose

• Please check in the CD for
• Assesing Essential Oils At Home
• An article from AGORA (Aromatherapy Global Online
  Research Archives)

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Guidelines When Using Essential Oils

• Essential oils are highly concentrated plant
  constituents possessing potent medicinal and
  cosmetic qualities. The best way to use them is
  in diluted form.
• There are some that are skin irritants,
  phototoxic or abortive. Therefore, use with care.
• When a very high quality essential oil is used,
  less of it is needed to obtain the desired effect.

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Guidelines When Using Essential Oils

• More is not better. On the contrary, it can
  produce the opposite effect. For example,
  Lavender oil can cause restlessness, agitation,
  and insomnia if too much is used rather than
  relaxation.
• The difference in the effect between one drop and
  two drops can be substantial. It is important to
  follow the dosages recommended.

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Less is OK
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Guidelines When Using Essential Oils

• There are several essential oils that are skin
  friendly like Lavender and Tea Tree. These two
  oils can be used straight or neat, which
  means you can put these directly on your skin
  without diluting them.
• However, they are an exception, not the rule.
  Most essential oils you must dilute to use.

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General Cautions

• Keep out reach of children.
• Avoid using essential oils near eyes and other
  sensitive areas.
• Always read the precautions on the bottle before
  using.
• Use only 100 pure essential oils.

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General Cautions

• Do not take internally. Use essential oils only
  externally, unless under expert guidance.
• If one suffers from any skin or any other
  allergies, use oils carefully.
• Be aware of contra-indications precautions.

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General Cautions

• Always test oils on a skin patch first,
  especially if you have sensitive skin or
  allergies.
• Skin that had any photo toxic essential oils
  applied to, should not be exposed to UV rays for
  at least 4 hours.
• Less is plenty. When in doubt, use less, not more.

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General Cautions

• Essential oils are flammable, but will not
  self-combust. Keep oils away from any naked
  flame.
• Never use an essential oil about which you can
  find little or no information.
• Do not use essential oils on newborn babies.

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General Cautions

• Never use neat on the skin, unless under special
  circumstances. Dilute oils as recommended.
• Always consult with your healthcare
  professional before starting any therapies
  with essential oils.
• Cap essential oil bottles tightly. Essential oils
  evaporate rapidly.

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General Cautions

• Use glass bottles for undiluted essential oils.
• Discontinue using any oil that causes irritation,
  sensitivity, or an unpleasant reaction.
• Wash your hands after using essential oils,
  especially before you eat.

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Special Cautions

• Avoid the following essential oils during
  pregnancy Basil, Cedarwood, Clary Sage, Clove
  Bud, Cypress, Fennel, Jasmine, Juniper,
  Lemongrass, Marjoram, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage,
  Thyme. For other oils, use only in half the usual
  stated amount.
• If prone to epilepsy, do not use Fennel, Hyssop,
  Rosemary or Sage as there is a remote chance that
  these essences may trigger an attack.

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Special Cautions

• The following oils should not be used on
  sensitive skins Basil, Fennel, Lemongrass,
  Lemon, Lemon Verbena, Melissa, Orange,
  Peppermint, Thyme.
• If having to drive a long distance after a
  massage, do not use Clary Sage, Marjoram or Ylang
  Ylang they can cause drowsiness.

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Special Cautions

• Some oils can cause photo-sensitization of the
  skin, increasing the risk of sunburn. These
  include Angelica (root), Bergamot, Bitter Orange,
  Cumin, Ginger, Lemon, Lemon Verbena, Lime,
  Mandarin, Orange and Tangerine. They can cause
  unsightly pigmentation.
• Clary Sage should not be used while drinking
  alcohol.

101
Special Cautions

• Never mix essential oils with water. Essential
  oils are not water soluble. If they burn a little
  or you get them in your eyes by accident, always
  dilute with any pure vegetable oil. Do not add
  water as water drives the oils in deeper,
  creating more skin irritation.
• Hops should not be used by anyone suffering from
  depression.

102
Special Cautions

• Avoid Cypress, Hyssop, Rosemary, Sage (all types)
  and Thyme oil if there is any possibility of high
  blood pressure or kidney disease.
• Homeopathic treatment is not compatible with the
  following oils Black Pepper, Camphor, Eucalyptus
  and the mint oils as they may weaken or cancel
  out the effects of homeopathic remedies.

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Mixing and using safely

• Always wash your hands before and after using
  essential oils.
• Make sure you are in a well ventilated area.
• Mix away from other people who is around.
• Lavender and Tea tree are the only oils that can
  be applied directly on to the skin undiluted.
  Always skin test first.

105
Mixing and using safely

• Use small quantities for babies, small children
  and the elderly.
• Handle oils carefully to prevent contact with
  skin and cross-contamination.
• Keep out of contact with the eyes.
• Avoid prolonged or excessive exposure.

106
Mixing and using safely

• Take frequent breaks.
• If prescribing oils for another person's home
  use, ensure that they understand the instructions
  for use.
• Keep accurate records of treatment and blends.
• Use recommended dilution at all times.

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How to use Essential Oils?

• Aromatherapy can also be applied safely by
  massaging blended essential oils to the whole
  body.
• Carefully chosen and blended essential oils, used
  with massage and skilful relaxation techniques,
  are a major part of an Aromatherapy treatment and
  can produce a range of benefits.
• Other methods of application include ointments,
  creams, lotions and compresses, etc.

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How to use Essential Oils ?

• Since essential oils are highly concentrated
  fluid substances, they are rarely used in an
  undiluted form. Before application, oils are
  first blended with a carrier oil (any pure, cold
  pressed plant oil).
• This blending dilutes the essential oils so that
  they are safe, and also helps to slow down the
  rate of evaporation, to spread them evenly, and
  to increase their absorption into the skin.

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Methods of application

• Baths
• Aromatic bath (Your Personal Spa)
• Epsom salts bath
• Foot and Hand bath
• Jacuzzi
• Sauna
• Shower (Aromatic)
• Sitz bath (Alternate hot and cold)

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Aromatic Bath
111
Foot Bath
112
Methods of application

• Aromatic ointment
• Cleaning
• Creams / Lotions / Gels
• Compresses
• Facial steam
• First aid
• Gargles and Mouthwashes

113
Aromatherapy Products
114
Methods of application

• Inhalation / Diffusion / Environmental
  fragrancing / Vaporization
• Candle
• Car Aromatherapy diffuser
• Ceramic / Clay / Glass / Metal Vaporizer or
  Burner
• Electric pottery diffuser

115
Aromatherapy Candles
116
Car Aromatherapy Diffuser
117
Vaporizer / Burner
118
Methods of application

• Handkerchief
• Humidifier
• Lamp / Light-bulb ring
• Nebulizer (electronic glass diffuser)
• Room spray / Mist spray / Atomizer
• Tissue paper

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Glass Nebulizer / Diffuser
120
Methods of application

• Ultrasonic Aromatherapy diffuser
• Water bowl
• Massage
• Natural perfumes
• Neat application
• Powders (rice or corn flour - for foot and body)

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Ultrasonic Aromatherapy Diffuser
122
Using Diffuser during Meditation
123
Massage Oil
124
Methods of application

• Please refer to
• Table 3 for Methods of Applications
• Table 4 for Using Essential Oils

125
Which oil to use?

• Please refer to Table 5 for
• Which Oil To Use?

126
How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Each essential oil has unique properties which
  can be used to relieve stress, stimulate body
  processes such as elimination or circulation,
  ease painful muscular tensions and generally give
  the recipient a heightened feeling of well-being.
• People have described having calming, cheering,
  soothing or uplifting experiences.

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Relaxation
128
How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Emotion based benefits
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Fear
• Frustration
• Grief
• Hopelessness
• Hysteria
• Insomnia

129
Anxiety / Depression?
130
How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Emotion based benefits
• Irritability
• Lack of Concentration
• Moodiness
• Nervous Tension
• Panic Attacks
• Poor Memory
• Sadness
• Worry

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Release nervous tension
132
How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Medicinal benefits
• Bruises / Sprains / Strains
• Burns (including sunburn)
• Digestive disorders such as Constipation
• Enhance wound healing
• Fatigue
• Fungal infections such as athletes foot and nail
  fungus

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How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Medicinal benefits
• Motion Sickness
• Muscular aches and pains
• Nervousness / Tension / Stress
• Purifying the Air
• Reduce skin inflammation
• Respiratory Conditions including colds, flu, sore
  throat, asthma and bronchitis
• Wounds and Scars

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How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Skincare benefits
• Acne
• Antifungal activity
• Antibacterial activity
• Cellulite
• Dermatitis
• Dry Skin

136
How can you benefit from essential oils?

• Skincare benefits
• Eczema
• Enhanced wound healing
• Mature Skin
• Psoriasis
• Stretch Marks
• Varicose Veins
• Wrinkles

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Actions of essential oils

• Adrenal stimulants for stress-related
  exhaustion Analgesic.
• Antibiotics and bactericidals for fighting
  bacterial infection.
• Antiseptic almost all are antiseptic.

138
Actions of essential oils

• Anti-depressants for uplifting the spirits.
• Anti-diabetics or Hypoglycaemics for helping to
  balance blood-sugar levels.
• Anti-inflammatory helpful for skin rashes and
  wounds as well as helping to reduce pain and
  inflammation in arthritic joints.

139
Actions of essential oils

• Anti-fungal for combating fungal infections.
• Anti-Galactogogues for reducing mothers milk
  flow.
• Anti-rheumatics- preventing and relieving
  rheumatic problems.
• Aperitifs stimulate the appetite.

140
Actions of essential oils

• Anti-virals for protecting against and helping
  to reduce serious complications of viral
  infections such as colds, coughs and flu.
• Anti-spasmodics relax spasms in the bronchial
  tubes and for spasm and pain.
• Balance thyroid secretion for balancing
  excessive secretions of thyroxine.

141
Actions of essential oils

• Carminatives and stomachics for flatulence and
  nausea.
• Cicatrisant - stimulates the growth of healthy
  skin cells.
• Cholagogues for stimulating the gall-bladder,
  and thus the flow of bile.

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Actions of essential oils

• Contain oestrogen-like substances to help
  menopausal symptoms.
• Contain Phyto-Steroids substances that are said
  to resemble the male and female sex hormones are
  found in frankincense and myrrh.
• Cytophylactics for increasing the activity of
  white blood cells which help in our defense
  against infection.

143
Actions of essential oils

• Depuratives for helping to combat impurities in
  the blood and organs.
• Detoxifying agents - help to detoxify the system
  of metabolic wastes.
• Deodorant helpful for excessive perspiration.
• Diaphoretics or Febrifuges - induce sweating, and
  thus reduce fever.

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Actions of essential oils

• Emmenagogues for inducing menstruation and or
  normalizing menstrual flow.
• Expectorants - promote the removal of mucus.
• Galactogogues for stimulating the flow of
  mothers milk.
• Hepatics for strengthening, toning and
  stimulating the secretive functions of the liver.

145
Actions of essential oils

• Hormone influencing for a broad spectrum of
  problems associated with the female reproductive
  system.
• Hypertensives stimulate the circulation.
• Hypotensives lower high blood pressure.

146
Actions of essential oils

• Hypnotics specifics for inducing sleep.
• Insect repellent to repel insects.
• Nervines strengthen and tone the nervous
  system.
• Normalizing for stimulating or relaxing,
  depending on the state of the individual.

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Actions of essential oils

• Parasiticides prevents and destroys parasites.
• Rubefacients by stimulating the periphery
  circulation, the blood supply will be increased
  to the affected areas, which in turn relieves
  congestion and inflammation.
• Sedatives for calming a jangled nervous system.

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Actions of essential oils

• Stimulants to help restore energy levels
  depleted through illness or nervous fatigue.
• Tonics and Astringents strengthen and tone the
  whole system.
• Uterine tonics for toning and regulating the
  female reproductive system, and for excessive
  menstruation.

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Actions of essential oils

• Vermifuges for expelling intestinal worms.
• Vulneraries for helping to heal wounds.
• Please refer to Appendix 1 for
• Glossary of Medical Terms.

150
Detoxification problems

• Many people have reported that when applying too
  many different oils or too much of one oil, the
  body any be subjected to a cleansing response
  which can cause headaches, rashes, nausea,
  burning, diarrhea, etc.
• Should this occur, simply reduce the amount of
  oil used and the number of times applied and
  drink plenty of purified water.

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Detoxification problems

• If you have used liberal amounts, of cosmetics,
  shampoos, perms, hair coloring, hair sprays,
  deodorants or products containing chemicals,
  petrochemicals and many synthetic ingredients,
  you may have an unpleasant cleansing experience.
• When using pure essential oils, some people
  experience the release of stored toxins through
  the skin, especially on the face and neck area.

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Detoxification problems

• You may even want to consider an internal
  cleansing program before continuing to use the
  oils.
• For this reason, you should always start with 1-2
  drops of oil diluted with 1/2 tsp. of carrier
  oil.
• Rarely is there a problem, but it is best to be
  cautious until you see how your body responds.

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Pregnancy

• What a beautiful time for a woman to indulge!
  This is an important time for mother and baby to
  be as healthy as possible.
• After the first four months of the pregnancy,
  essential oils can be used to enhance the feeling
  of wellbeing.
• During pregnancy, the body changes are so rapid
  that after the first four months, the benefits of
  Aromatherapy Massage are enormous, both
  physically and emotionally.

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Pregnancy

• During pregnancy, there are some essential oils
  definitely not to be used. Because some essential
  oils can relax muscles, stimulate contractions,
  or possibly get to the baby. (See Table 6 7)
• A few essential oils are considered
  abortifacients, meaning they have the potential
  to cause abortion. (See Table 8)
• Be sure to avoid all essential oils that may be
  unsafe during this time.

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Pregnancy

• It is recommended that a 1 dilution (of the safe
  oils), instead of the typical 2 dilution be used
  for body oils and lotions for expectant mothers.
  (See Table 9)
• Essential oils are best avoided in the first
  trimester of pregnancy, especially if history of
  miscarriages is present.
• Morning Sickness and Fainting Add 2 drops of
  Lavender to a tissue and inhale deeply. Repeat
  till you feel better.

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Pregnancy - Relaxation
157
Baby and Child care

• Aromatherapy is invaluable when caring for young
  children.
• Careful use of pure, natural essential oils
  provides a natural alternative to chemical drugs.
• Essential oils can be used for everyday common
  ailments and as a complementary treatment for
  general wellbeing.

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Baby and Child care

• Essential oils are not intended to replace the
  health care practitioner, however, and for
  serious or ongoing condition a professional
  should be consulted.
• Children from as young as 48 hours old can be
  gently massaged daily using lavender and
  chamomile oils. This will help bond mother and
  baby and ensure security and stability. Apricot
  kernel or jojoba carrier oil is very nourishing
  for young skin.

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Baby and Child care

• Use with care, in accordance with age
• Babies (0-12 months) use 1 drop of Lavender,
  Rose, Chamomile or Mandarin diluted in 1 2 tsp
  base oil for massage or bathing.
• Infants (1-5 years) use 2-3 drops of safe
  essential oils (non-toxic and non-irritant to the
  skin), diluted in 1tsp base oil for massage or
  bathing.

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Baby and Child care

• Children (6-12 years) use as for adults, but in
  half the stated amount.
• Teenagers (over 12 years) use as directed for
  adults.
• For the bath, use 1 drop of Lavender oil in 1
  teaspoon of carrier oil.
• For massage, blend 1 drop of Lavender or
  Chamomile oil to 10 ml of carrier oil. These two
  oils calm the nervous system.

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Beauty and Skin care

• A healthy, glowing skin is the basis for looking
  and feeling great.
• Using natural products with essential oils, which
  have nourishing and healing properties that
  penetrate the skin, you are on the way to
  healthier younger-looking skin.

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Beauty and Skin care

• Please refer to
• Table 10 for Essential Oils for Complexion Types
• Table 11 for Skin Care Charts

163
Beauty and Skin care

• Skin-Care Properties of Essential Oils
• Penetrate to the dermal layer of skin where new
  cells are developing
• Stimulate and regenerate produce healthy skin
  cells quickly following sun damage, burns,
  wrinkles or healing of wounds
• Reduce bacterial and fungal infections, acne and
  other related skin problems

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Beauty and Skin care

• Soothe delicate, sensitive, inflamed skin
• Regulate sebaceous secretions, balancing over-or
  underactive skin
• Promote the release and removal of metabolic
  waste products
• Contain plant hormones that help balance and
  alleviate hormonally related skin problems

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Beauty and Skin care

• Skin-Care Properties of Essential Oils (cont.)
• Affect the mental and emotional state positively,
  thus alleviating stress-related skin problems.
• Please see
• Table 12 for Essential Oils For Facial
  Treatments.
• Table 13 for Essential Oils for Skin Problems.

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Treating Common Ailments

• Essential Oils assist the body to heal itself by
  lowering stress levels, relaxing and toning the
  muscles, stimulating the immune system, the
  organs and the glands in the body to fight
  bacteria, fungi and viruses.
• These oils can be used to relieve symptoms and
  help the natural healing of common, everyday
  ailments.
• Please see Table 14 for Essential Oils for
  Treating Common Ailments.

167
Aromatherapy Care

• Please refer to
• Table 15 for Essential Oils For Body Treatments
• Table 16 for Essential Oils for Physical Problems
• Table 17 for Fragrances for Emotions
• Table 18 for Essential Oils for Hair Care

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Aromatherapy Massage
169
Aromatherapy Massage

• The purpose of aromatherapy massage is to aid the
  penetration of essential oils into the body and
  to treat problem areas.
• Massage can be stimulating or relaxing depending
  on the oils used and the technique applied.
• It is an effective way to relieve stress, anxiety
  and tension.

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Aromatherapy Massage

• Aromatherapy massage combines the balancing
  properties of the essential oils with the
  relaxing benefits of touch.
• As the oils are absorbed into the skin and the
  muscles relax, the therapeutic benefits manifest.
• Psychologically, massage promotes a wonderful
  feeling of lightness and wellbeing.

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Island Massage Therapy
172
Aromatherapy Massage

• Massage not only soothes the mind and body, but
  it has numerous other benefits.
• A good aromatherapy massage will
• Increase metabolism.
• Speed up the healing process.
• Enhance the removal of toxins.
• Increase muscle and joint mobility.

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Aromatherapy Massage

• Aid relaxation by calming the nervous system.
• Relieve mental and physical tiredness.
• Reduce aches, pains, spasms and stiffness.
• Improve digestion.
• Improve skin tone.
• Improve circulation of blood and lymph.

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Relaxing Massage
175
Massage dosage guide

• Massage oil A 2.5 dilution is recommended for
  adults 1 for children under 12.
• To determine this dilution in drops, figure out
  how many ml (or cc) are in the bottle you are
  using, then divide that number by 2.
• Example You have a 30 ml bottle of carrier oil
  that you are going to use for your blend.30/2
  15Therefore, a 2.5 blend for a 30 ml bottle is
  15 drops of essential oil. You can add 15 drops
  to 30 ml of whatever carrier oil you are using.

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Popular Aromatherapy Oils

• Basil Bergamot
• Cedarwood Chamomile
• Clary sage Eucalyptus
• Geranium Ginger
• Grapefruit Jasmine
• Lavender Lemon
• Lemongrass Lime
• Mandarin Marjoram

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Popular Aromatherapy Oils

• Melissa Neroli
• Orange Patchouli
• Peppermint Petitgrain
• Pine Rose
• Rosemary Rosewood (Bois de Rose)
• Sandalwood Tea tree
• Vetiver Ylang ylang

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Basil

• Ocimum basilicum
• The aphrodisiac oil.
• Used for nervous insomnia, anxiety and tiredness.
• Helpful for insect bites, headaches, muscular
  aches and pains.
• Avoid during pregnancy.
• Use with caution on sensitive skin, as it can be
  an irritant.

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Bergamot

• Citrus aurantium
• The uplifting oil.
• Good for relaxing tight, aching muscles.
• For massage, it is extremely versatile and can
  lift any blend.
• Do not use when going in the sun. Because it is
  phototoxic!

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Cedarwood (Atlas)

• Cedrus atlantica
• A refreshing oil for men.
• It has a stimulating, refreshing and tonic effect
  on the body.
• It is good for dandruff, eczema, greasy skin and
  acne.
• It is an effective insect repellent.
• Avoid during pregnancy.
• Should be avoided by breast-feeding mothers and
  by children.

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Chamomile

• Chamaemelum nobile
• The soothing oil.
• Is a natural anti-inflammatory with great healing
  properties as well as relaxing sedative benefits.
• Is an expensive oil and you can substitute some
  drops with Lavender when using to ease pain.
• Safe for use on babies, children and pets.

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Clary Sage

• Salvia sclarea
• The anti-depressant oil.
• Calming, promotes a peaceful state of mind and
  restful sleep.
• Improves mental clarity and alertness, and
  reduces stress and tension.
• Is well known for its euphoric action.
• Not to be used during pregnancy.

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Eucalyptus

• Eucalyptus globulus
• The perfect insect repellent.
• Because it prevents bacterial growth and inhibits
  the growth of viruses, it is used to treat burns,
  blisters, cuts, herpes, wounds and sores.
• It can soothe the pain of sore muscles, arthritis
  and rheumatism.
• Do not use whilst on homeopathic remedies.

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Geranium

• Pelargonium graveolens
• The womens oil.
• It has a regulatory action on the hormones
  secreted by the adrenal cortex. Ideal for PMT and
  menopause.
• It reduces stress and tension.
• Is calming and uplifting, speeds body healing,
  and eases depression
• And is helpful in managing asthma.

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Ginger

• Zingiber officinale
• The warming oil.
• A warming oil that relaxes tight muscles, relieve
  aches and pains, making it a natural choice to
  threat arthritis.
• Useful in the treatment of cold and coughs.
• Also improves digestion as it stimulates the
  gastric juices.

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Grapefruit

• Citrus paradisi
• The cellulite oil.
• It has an uplifting and reviving effect, making
  it useful in treating stress, depression and
  nervous exhaustion.
• Is a lymphatic stimulant, so it is helpful in the
  treatment of water retention as well as having
  fat-dissolving properties.
• A very safe oil to use. It is non-toxic,
  non-irritant and is non-phototoxic!

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Jasmine

• Jasminum grandiflorum
• The romantic oil.
• Uplifting, relaxing and an excellent brain
  stimulant.
• It is good for dry sensitive skins and to treat
  muscular aches and menstrual cramps.
• Always use this oil to lighten the emotional
  load.
• Not to be used during pregnancy.

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Lavender

• Lavandula angustifolia
• Essential oil for the first aid kit.
• Generally regarded as the most versatile essence
  therapeutically.
• Is well known for its sedative properties and is
  useful in treating depression, migraine, insomnia
  and nervous tension as well as dealing with
  stress.
• Can be used neat on burns and even sunburn.

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Lemon

• Citrus limon
• The cleansing oil.
• Is stimulating, invigorating, astringent,
  deodorizing and antiseptic.
• Very helpful in treating mental exhaustion. Also
  for energizing an aching body.
• Used in treatment of cellulite
• Is phototoxic!

190
Lemongrass

• Cymbopogon flexuosus
• The regenerative oil.
• A good tonic for the skin, especially useful for
  athletes foot.
• It kills bacteria and fungal infections.
• It cools and reduces fever in the body and helps
  ease aching muscles.
• It calms the nervous system relieving depression,
  stress and nervous exhaustion.
• Use with care on sensitive skins it can cause
  irritation due to high citrus content!

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Lime

• Citrus aurantifolia
• The uplifting oil.
• Is antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic.
• A great stimulant and tonic.
• Very useful for treating colds and flu,
  cellulite, poor circulation, greasy skin,
  arthritis and varicose veins.
• Is phototoxic!

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Mandarin

• Citrus reticulata
• The childrens oil.
• Having great digestive properties, it relieves
  cramps, spasms and stimulates bile production.
• It also aids digestion, constipation and
  hiccoughs.
• A great oil to be used for stretch marks, scars
  and aging skin. Use this oil during pregnancy to
  help reduce stretch marks.
• Is phototoxic!

193
Marjoram

• Origanum majorana
• The calming oil.
• It relieves tight muscles, aches and pains.
• Reduces inflammation, improves digestion and
  helps relieve congestion.
• Avoid during pregnancy.
• Avoid if you suffer from low blood pressure.

194
Melissa

• Melissa officinalis
• The heart oil.
• Also known as Balm, Lemon.
• It calms and soothes the skin as well as soothing
  the mind by calming the nervous system.
• Respiratory-related allergies respond well to it.
• It offers relief for problems of the digestive or
  circulatory system.

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Neroli

• Citrus aurantium
• The mind, body and soul oil.
• It helps prevent wrinkles, stretch marks and
  thread veins.
• It has a deep tranquilizing effect and is used
  for treating anxiety, depression, palpitations
  and nervous disorders.
• It can relieve diarrhoea, indigestion, cramps and
  spasms and help expel gas from the intestines.
• Safe and ideal to use during pregnancy.

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Orange

• Citrus sinensis
• A calming and relaxing oil.
• It has a refreshing and stimulating effect on the
  body whilst leaving you relaxed. It rejuvenates
  skin.
• Excellent oil for calming children as well as for
  reducing colds and flu.
• Is phototoxic!
• Do not use when pregnant.

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Patchouli

• Pogostemon cablin
• The general tonic oil.
• Useful in treatment of eczema, acne, scalp and
  fungal infection of the skin.
• For anxiety and depression, it helps keep one in
  touch with reality whilst encouraging spiritual
  wellbeing.
• Has a strong exotic perfume smell.
• Safe to use. Non-toxic.

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Peppermint

• Mentha piperita
• The soothing digestion oil.
• The cooling and refreshing effect on the body
  brings temporary relief from headaches, mental
  fatigue, toothache, sinusitis, travel sickness,
  sunburn, upset stomachs and hangovers.
• Avoid during pregnancy.
• Use with care on sensitive skins it can be an
  irritant due to high menthol content.

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Petitgrain

• Citrus aurantium var.amara
• The nerve oil.
• Its properties include being anti-depressant,
  deodorizing and a sedative.
• Use in your diffuser an