Title: Feed Additives for Swine
1Feed Additives for Swine
- Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University
- Robert.thaler_at_sdstate.edu
2Feed Additives
- Compounds that MAY elicit a response independent
of the pigs energy, amino acid, and
vitamin/mineral requirements - Response is dependent on age of pig, disease
level, genetics, environmental factors, type of
diet/feedstuffs
3General Categories
- Antibacterials Antibiotics
- Chemotherapeutics
- Organic acids
- Probiotics Prebiotics
- Enzymes
- Botanicals
- Carcass modifiers
- Flavors
- Aromas
- Mold inhibitors
- Mycotoxin binders
- Odor reducers
4Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery Grow-Finish Pigs
( improvement)
Years Production Stage Daily Gain Feed/Gain
1950-77 Nursery (7-25 kg) 16.1 6.9
Grow-Finish 4.0 2.1
1978-85 Nursery (7-25 kg) 15.0 6.5
Grow-Finish 3.6 2.4
5Sows Antibiotics
- General thought is not to add antibiotics to sow
diets if conception rate is gt 85 - However, if conception rate is lt 85, may be
beneficial depending on the problem - Must be at the therapeutic level
- 2 weeks before breeding
- One week prior to farrowing to weaning
6Commonly Used Feed Additives
USDAAPHIS, 2000
7Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding
gt25 of US Pigs)
Antibiotic Concentr (g/kg) Retail /kg Dietary Inclusion
1 CTC 110 3.06 55/ton
2 Tylan 22 3.76 11-110 g/ton
3 Mecadox 5.5 2.95 55 g/ton
4 BMD 66 5.26 33 g/ton
5Lincomycin 22 6.14 22, 44, 110, or 220 g/ton
8Lincomycin
- Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal
pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine
Proliferative Enteropathy - Treating and controlling swine dysentery
9Lincomycin
- Increasing the rate of weight gain in
growing-finishing swine - FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae - LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs 5
to 7 less per ton than the approved Tylan dose
of 100 g/t
10Tylosin (Tylan)
- Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion
- Relatively inexpensive
- No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market weight
- Only Tylan Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is approved
to prevent and control ileitis. No other product
can legally make this claim
11Tylosin (Tylan)
- Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention
and growth promotion - Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive
bacteria and has significant activity against
mycoplasma - Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased
longissimus muscle area
12Carbadox (Mecadox)
- Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and
early Grower diets - For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of swine
dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of
haemorrhagic dysentery) - For the prevention and control of swine dysentery
13Carbadox (Mecadox)
- For increase in rate of mass gain and improvement
of feed efficiency - 10 week withdrawal prior to slaughter
- Do not use in feeds containing bentonite
- Usually too expensive to use strictly for growth
promotion
14Chemotherapeutic Agents
- Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized
compounds that inhibit the growth of
microorganisms - Copper Sulfate
- 100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets
- Additive effect with antibiotics
- Zinc oxide
- 1500 to 3000 ppm
- Controls some post-weaning scours
- Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels)
- High levels in the manure environmental
problems - Already being regulated in some European countries
15Probiotics
- Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance
microbial balance - Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
or various mixtures - Traditionally use in nursery diets
- Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets
- Strain of microbe, dose, interactions,
feedstuffs, feed processing
16Enzymes
- Increase nutrient utilization
- Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets
- More of a benefit with wheat barley-based diets
- Beta glucanase and xylanase are the most commonly
used ones - Others include alpha amylase, cellulase,
protease, and various combinations - Great variation in efficacy
17Phytase
- Most commonly used enzyme in the world
- Increases utilization of phytate P in grains
- Decrease P excretion
- Less P running off into lakes and rivers
- Less euthrophication
- Decrease amount of inorganic P
- Currently slight economic savings in diet cost
- Tremendous environmental benefit
18Others
- Mold Inhibitors
- effective against molds, not mycotoxins
- Antioxidants increase shelf-life are
effective - Mycotoxin Binders
- Are present even if mold is gone
- Products effective against aflatoxins (clays,
HSCAS, pellet binders) - Few, if any, products effective on other
mycotoxins
19Others cont.
- Odor Reducing Additives
- Many products, few effective (DeOdorase,
Microaid) - Heavily dependent on condition of individual
systems - Manure composition, pH, temperature,
antibacterials, water, etc
20Carcass Modifiers
- Ractopamine (Paylean)
- Chromium tripicolinate
- Betaine
- L-carnitine
- Zilpaterol
21Ractopamine (PayLean)
- Beta agonist that repartitions where nutrients
go (from fat to lean deposition) - Improves
- Growth rate
- Feed conversion
- Lean deposition
22Ractopamine (PayLean)
- Approved at the 9 g/ton level the last 90 pounds
prior to slaughter - 5 g/ton improves gain (10) efficiency (17)
- Maybe carcass
- 9.9 g/ton improves gain efficiency, carcass
weight dressing
23Ractopamine (PayLean)
- 19.8 g/ton seldom used
- cost of product
- Increased death-loss potential
- Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases
over the last 2 weeks - Need at least a 16 protein diet and .90 lysine
diet (watch all amino acid levels)
24PayLean Use In Commercial Operations
- Used to decrease total number of marketing days
for a group/barn - 1 Market first group of heaviest pigs
- 2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks
- 3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks
or until all the pigs are marketed
25Handling/Stress Is An Issue!
Elanco has developed a program on proper handling
of swine from farm through harvest
26Carcass Modifiers
- Organic Chromium (tripicolinate)
- Increase leanness 6, but not consistent
- 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, born
weaned - Must be fed at least 6 months to get sow response
- Betaine (sugar beet industry)
- Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????)
- Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess
- Carnitine
- Initially thought to improve leanness
efficiency - Some response in nursery pigs
- 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size birth
weight
27Example
- Current diet cost 120/ton
- Feed additive costs 15 to add to a ton of feed
- (135 - 120) 100 12.5 improvement in F/G
- 120 just to pay for itself
- If getting a 10 improvement in feed efficiency,
still losing money!!!
28Doesnt take into Consideration Changes in
- Gain
- Carcass characteristics
- Deathloss
29Summary
- Feed additives can be effective tools when used
properly - Do the Homework for YOUR operation
- Match disease problem with feed additive
- Feed additives are not a replacement for poor
management - Ractopamine is economically advantageous when
used strategically
30Summary
- Make sure you get a real Net economic benefit
thats consistent - Use your feed where youll get the best, most
consistent return on your investment.