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Feed Additives for Swine

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... increase shelf-life & are effective Mycotoxin Binders Are present even if mold is gone Products effective against aflatoxins (clays, HSCAS, pellet binders) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Feed Additives for Swine


1
Feed Additives for Swine
  • Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University
  • Robert.thaler_at_sdstate.edu

2
Feed Additives
  • Compounds that MAY elicit a response independent
    of the pigs energy, amino acid, and
    vitamin/mineral requirements
  • Response is dependent on age of pig, disease
    level, genetics, environmental factors, type of
    diet/feedstuffs

3
General Categories
  • Antibacterials Antibiotics
  • Chemotherapeutics
  • Organic acids
  • Probiotics Prebiotics
  • Enzymes
  • Botanicals
  • Carcass modifiers
  • Flavors
  • Aromas
  • Mold inhibitors
  • Mycotoxin binders
  • Odor reducers

4
Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery Grow-Finish Pigs
( improvement)
Years Production Stage Daily Gain Feed/Gain
1950-77 Nursery (7-25 kg) 16.1 6.9
Grow-Finish 4.0 2.1

1978-85 Nursery (7-25 kg) 15.0 6.5
Grow-Finish 3.6 2.4
5
Sows Antibiotics
  • General thought is not to add antibiotics to sow
    diets if conception rate is gt 85
  • However, if conception rate is lt 85, may be
    beneficial depending on the problem
  • Must be at the therapeutic level
  • 2 weeks before breeding
  • One week prior to farrowing to weaning

6
Commonly Used Feed Additives
USDAAPHIS, 2000
7
Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding
gt25 of US Pigs)
Antibiotic Concentr (g/kg) Retail /kg Dietary Inclusion
1 CTC 110 3.06 55/ton
2 Tylan 22 3.76 11-110 g/ton
3 Mecadox 5.5 2.95 55 g/ton
4 BMD 66 5.26 33 g/ton
5Lincomycin 22 6.14 22, 44, 110, or 220 g/ton
8
Lincomycin
  • Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal
    pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine
    Proliferative Enteropathy
  • Treating and controlling swine dysentery

9
Lincomycin
  • Increasing the rate of weight gain in
    growing-finishing swine
  • FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma
    hyopneumoniae
  • LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs 5
    to 7 less per ton than the approved Tylan dose
    of 100 g/t

10
Tylosin (Tylan)
  • Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market weight
  • Only Tylan Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is approved
    to prevent and control ileitis. No other product
    can legally make this claim

11
Tylosin (Tylan)
  • Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention
    and growth promotion
  • Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive
    bacteria and has significant activity against
    mycoplasma
  • Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased
    longissimus muscle area

12
Carbadox (Mecadox)
  • Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and
    early Grower diets
  • For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of swine
    dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of
    haemorrhagic dysentery)
  • For the prevention and control of swine dysentery

13
Carbadox (Mecadox)
  • For increase in rate of mass gain and improvement
    of feed efficiency
  • 10 week withdrawal prior to slaughter
  • Do not use in feeds containing bentonite
  • Usually too expensive to use strictly for growth
    promotion

14
Chemotherapeutic Agents
  • Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized
    compounds that inhibit the growth of
    microorganisms
  • Copper Sulfate
  • 100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets
  • Additive effect with antibiotics
  • Zinc oxide
  • 1500 to 3000 ppm
  • Controls some post-weaning scours
  • Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels)
  • High levels in the manure environmental
    problems
  • Already being regulated in some European countries

15
Probiotics
  • Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance
    microbial balance
  • Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis,
    Streptococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    or various mixtures
  • Traditionally use in nursery diets
  • Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets
  • Strain of microbe, dose, interactions,
    feedstuffs, feed processing

16
Enzymes
  • Increase nutrient utilization
  • Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets
  • More of a benefit with wheat barley-based diets
  • Beta glucanase and xylanase are the most commonly
    used ones
  • Others include alpha amylase, cellulase,
    protease, and various combinations
  • Great variation in efficacy

17
Phytase
  • Most commonly used enzyme in the world
  • Increases utilization of phytate P in grains
  • Decrease P excretion
  • Less P running off into lakes and rivers
  • Less euthrophication
  • Decrease amount of inorganic P
  • Currently slight economic savings in diet cost
  • Tremendous environmental benefit

18
Others
  • Mold Inhibitors
  • effective against molds, not mycotoxins
  • Antioxidants increase shelf-life are
    effective
  • Mycotoxin Binders
  • Are present even if mold is gone
  • Products effective against aflatoxins (clays,
    HSCAS, pellet binders)
  • Few, if any, products effective on other
    mycotoxins

19
Others cont.
  • Odor Reducing Additives
  • Many products, few effective (DeOdorase,
    Microaid)
  • Heavily dependent on condition of individual
    systems
  • Manure composition, pH, temperature,
    antibacterials, water, etc

20
Carcass Modifiers
  • Ractopamine (Paylean)
  • Chromium tripicolinate
  • Betaine
  • L-carnitine
  • Zilpaterol

21
Ractopamine (PayLean)
  • Beta agonist that repartitions where nutrients
    go (from fat to lean deposition)
  • Improves
  • Growth rate
  • Feed conversion
  • Lean deposition

22
Ractopamine (PayLean)
  • Approved at the 9 g/ton level the last 90 pounds
    prior to slaughter
  • 5 g/ton improves gain (10) efficiency (17)
  • Maybe carcass
  • 9.9 g/ton improves gain efficiency, carcass
    weight dressing

23
Ractopamine (PayLean)
  • 19.8 g/ton seldom used
  • cost of product
  • Increased death-loss potential
  • Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases
    over the last 2 weeks
  • Need at least a 16 protein diet and .90 lysine
    diet (watch all amino acid levels)

24
PayLean Use In Commercial Operations
  • Used to decrease total number of marketing days
    for a group/barn
  • 1 Market first group of heaviest pigs
  • 2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks
  • 3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks
    or until all the pigs are marketed

25
Handling/Stress Is An Issue!
Elanco has developed a program on proper handling
of swine from farm through harvest
26
Carcass Modifiers
  • Organic Chromium (tripicolinate)
  • Increase leanness 6, but not consistent
  • 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, born
    weaned
  • Must be fed at least 6 months to get sow response
  • Betaine (sugar beet industry)
  • Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????)
  • Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess
  • Carnitine
  • Initially thought to improve leanness
    efficiency
  • Some response in nursery pigs
  • 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size birth
    weight

27
Example
  • Current diet cost 120/ton
  • Feed additive costs 15 to add to a ton of feed
  • (135 - 120) 100 12.5 improvement in F/G
  • 120 just to pay for itself
  • If getting a 10 improvement in feed efficiency,
    still losing money!!!

28
Doesnt take into Consideration Changes in
  • Gain
  • Carcass characteristics
  • Deathloss

29
Summary
  • Feed additives can be effective tools when used
    properly
  • Do the Homework for YOUR operation
  • Match disease problem with feed additive
  • Feed additives are not a replacement for poor
    management
  • Ractopamine is economically advantageous when
    used strategically

30
Summary
  • Make sure you get a real Net economic benefit
    thats consistent
  • Use your feed where youll get the best, most
    consistent return on your investment.
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