Maasai fertility: Kenya-Tanzania comparisons

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Maasai fertility Kenya-Tanzania comparisons
Impacts of land-use policy on environment,
wildlife, demography and socio-economic
indicators in east African savannas the
Serengeti Ecological Unit University College
London Kenya Wildlife Service University of Dar
Es Salaam Catholic University of
Louvain European Union Grant No.
IC18-CT976-0070 Parkes Foundation
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Everyone knows the Maasai (Spear, 19931)
Ethnographic writing/ Filming Colonial
records Tourism Photography Conservation
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Sum of demographic knowledge...
Author Method Information Philip (1930)
? Average parity 3.4 births per woman McKay
(1950) ? Average parity 3.2 births per
woman Jacobs (1973) Guess Average parity 8
births per woman Kramer (1980) ? Mean age at
first marriage 16.6yrs (f) de Vries (1984)
? IMR probably falls between 120 0/00 and
the 1910 figure of 300 0/00 Nangawe (1985)
? IMR 355 0/00 Megan (1994) ? IMR 186 0/00
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Extent of Maasailand
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Campbell (1979)
population growth rate of the Maasai is
2.2this is an estimate made by who has
spent many years studying health-related issues
in Maasailand
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Data collectionSingle Round Demographic Survey
Sampling frames ? Unavailable/ out of
date Sampling strategy ? Availability Research
instrument ? Pre-tested questionnaire Enumeratio
n unit ? Household Enumerators ? Locally
recruited Maasai Sample size ? 14,928
individuals 1,565 households 2,828
women aged 15-49
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Map of study sites
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Issues of data collection
Enumerators Reference to death Age Counting Patern
ity El Niño No widowers Birth history
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Adult female mortality
Widowhood question Is your first wife still
alive? XXX Orphanhood question Is your
biological mother alive? ???
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Widowhood data
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Maternal Orphanhood Data
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Maternal Mortality
Maternal death misdemeanour
Pregnancy behaviour
Based on reports of adult sisters Lifetime risk
1 in 40 1 in 4 of all reported adult sister
deaths was due to maternal causes
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Adult male mortality
Widowhood question Is your first husband still
alive? ??? Orphanhood question Is your
biological father alive? XXX
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Widowhood data
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Male life expectancy at birth
Maasai National Kenya 54.3 55.3 Tanzania
52.1 48.1
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Early age mortality - expectations
Raise Lower Nutritional stress Population
density Healthcare Living environment
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Early age mortality
1q0 4q1 Kenya 17 38 Tanzania 17 39 (pe
r 1,000 live births)
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Sexual initiation
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Children represent
For men Power and influence (political and
social) How can a man without children advise
others as to how best to command others? The
status of an elder ultimately hinges on the
fertility of his wives
For women Access to livestock Security in
widowhood
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Fertility data
Collected from all ever-married women Brass
questions on ceb-cs Births in the last 12 months
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Data Quality Cumulative asfr v. mean reported
parity
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Mean reported parity
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TFR (p/f ratio) by location
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TFR in national contexts
Maasai National Rural Kenya 8.2 5.2 Tanzania
6.4 6.3
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Kenya-Tanzania fertility differential
nuptiality lactational amenorrhea sterility abor
tion contraception fecundability abstinence
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Female age at first marriage
Kenya Tanzania Median 17.0 17.0 SMAM 17.
3 18.9
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Current female marital status
Kenya
Tanzania
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Sterility
It is saidthatthe Masai females are becoming
increasingly sterile (1902) Sterility before
marriage and after miscarriage has resulted in a
greatly decreased birth rate (1930) Healthworke
rs hold that venereal diseases are rampant in the
Maasai communities (1999)
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Sterility
Primary sterility Kenya 2.9 Tanzania 1.8 Se
condary sterility Up to age 44 higher levels in
Tanzanian Maasai than Kenyan Maasai
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Age specific secondary sterility rates, by country
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Kenya fertility
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Kenyan fertility differentials
Narok Kajiado Land tenure Sub-division C
ommunal Grp. R, Outside interest(s) Tourism Extr
emely limited Wheat farming Land
grabbing Agri. Potential High and rising Very
restricted Circumcised sons Very
advantageous Unchanged Ecol. sustainability Falli
ng Unchanged
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Natural Increase ( p.a.)
Kenya Tanzania Both National 2.89 3.22 -
Maasai (Census) 4.46 n/a - Maasai
(Survey) - - 3.9