ANIMAL FARM

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• ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
• ANIMAL FARM

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Mona Baker

• Mona Baker is an Egyptian professor of
  translation studies and Director of the Centre
  for Translation and International Studies at the
  University of Manchester in England.

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Professional Biography

• BA English and Comparative Literature, American
  University in Cairo
• MA Special Applications of Linguistics,
  University of Birmingham
• DSc (Higher Doctorate), UMIST.
• Founded St. Jerome Publishing and the
  international journal The translator in 1995.
• Vice President of the International Association
  of Translation and Intercultural Studies

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works

• Editor of Critical Concepts Translation Studies
• Editor of Critical Readings in Translation
  Studies
• Editor, together with Gabriela Saldanha, of
  Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
• Translation and Conflict A Narrative Account
• In Other Words A Coursebook on Translation .

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• Baker describes two translation methods
• The word for word method and sense for sense
  method.
• The word for word method proved to be
  unsuccessful and had to be revised using sense
  for sense method.
• According to Baker the second method creates
  fluent target texts which conveyed the meaning of
  the original without distorting TL.
• Mona Baker, like Hatim and Mason brings together
  a range of ideas from pragmatics and
  sociolinguistics that are relevant for
  translation and translation analysis.

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(No Transcript)
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• This bestselling Coursebook addresses the
  need for a systematic approach to training in
  translation studies by drawing on key areas in
  modern linguistic theory and relating them
  systematically to a number of translation
  problems and strategies.
• The strategies are identified by an
  examination of authentic examples of translated
  texts in a variety of languages. No knowledge of
  linguistics or foreign languages is assumed. Each
  chapter begins with an explanation of the key
  linguistic concepts referred to and ends with a
  series of practical exercises.
• By striking a balance between theory and
  practice, the book provides a sound basis for
  training professional translators.

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Mona Bakers equivalence typology

• Equivalence at word level- the meaning of single
  words and expressions
• Equivalence above word level- explores
  combinations of words and phrases
• Grammatical equivalence- deals with grammatical
  categories
• Textual equivalence- discusses the text level
  (word order, cohesion, etc.)
• Pragmatic equivalence- how texts are used in
  communicative situations that involves variables
  such as writers, readers, and cultural context.

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• Equivalence at word level

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Non-equivalence at word level and some common
strategies for dealing with it

• Common problems of non-equivalence
• (a) Culture-specific concepts
• (b) The source-language concept is not
  lexicalized in the target language
• (c) The source-language word is semantically
  complex
• (d) The source and the target languages make
  different distinctions in meaning
• (e) The target language lacks a super ordinate
• (f) The target language lacks a specific term
  (hyponym)
• (g) Differences in physical or interpersonal
  perspective
• (h) Differences in expressive meaning
• (i ) Difference in form
• (j) Differences in frequency and purpose of using
  specific forms
• (k) The use of loan words in the source text

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Strategies used by professional translators

• (a) Translation by a more general word (super
  ordinate)
• (b) Translation by a more neutral/ less
  expressive word
• (c) Translation by cultural substitution
• (d) Translation using a loan word or loan words
  plus explanation
• (e) Translation by paraphrase using a related
  word
• (f) Translation by paraphrase using unrelated
  words
• (g) Translation by omission
• (h) Translation by illustration

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(a) Translation by a more general word
(superordinate)

• EXAMPLE
• Shampoo the hair with a mild WELLA-SHAMPOO and
  lightly towel dry. (English- ST)
• Lavar el cabello con un champú suave de WELLA y
  frotar ligeramente con una toalla. (Spanish-TT)
• Wash hair with a mild WELLA shampoo and rub
  lightly with a towel. (English back translation)
• You can wash a lot of things, but you can only
  shampoo your hair.

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(b) Translation by a more neutral/ less
expressive word

• EXAMPLE
• Many of the species growing wild here are
  familiar to us as plants cultivated in European
  gardens- species like this exotic lily. (English
  ST)
• We are very familiar with many varieties of the
  wild life here, they are the kind grown in
  European gardens- varieties like this strange
  unique lily flower. (back-translated from
  Chinese)
• Exotic has no equivalent in Chinese and other
  oriental languages. It is a word used by
  westerners to refer to unusual, interesting
  things which come from a distant country such as
  China. The Orient does not have a concept of what
  is exotic in this sense and the expressive
  meaning of the word is therefore lost in
  translation.

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(c) Translation by cultural substitution

• It involves replacing a culture-specific item or
  expression with a target-language item which does
  not have the same propositional meaning but is
  likely to have a similar impact on the target
  reader.
• Advantage it gives the reader a concept with
  which s/he can identify, something familiar and
  appealing.
• e.g. the Romanian equivalent of The Grim Reaper
  is not seceratorul nemilos, but doamna cu coasa,
  as the Romanian culture has personified death by
  granting it feminine attributes, whereas the
  Anglo-Saxon world views death as male character.

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(d) Translation using a loan word or loan words
plus explanation

• This strategy is particularly common in dealing
  with culture-specific items, modern concepts and
  buzz words. Following the loan word with an
  explanation is very useful when the word in
  question is repeated several times in the text.
• EXAMPLE
• For maximum effect, cover the hair with a plastic
  cap or towel. (English ST)
• For obtaining maximum effectiveness, the hair is
  covered by means of a cap, that is a plastic
  hat which covers the air, or by means of a towel.
  (back-translation from Arabic)

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(e) Translation by paraphrase using a related
word

• This strategy is used when the concept expressed
  by the source item is lexicalized in the target
  language but in a different form, and when the
  frequency with which a certain form is used in
  the source text is significantly higher than
  would be natural in the target language.
• EXAMPLE
• The rich and creamy KOLESTRAL-SUPER is easy to
  apply and has a pleasant fragrance. (English ST)
• Kolestral-super is rich and concentrated in its
  make-up which gives a product that resembles
  cream... (back-translation from Arabic)
• EXAMPLE
• Adjustments in the Member States GNI-based own
  resources payments ensure that budgeted revenue
  matches exactly budgeted expenditure. (English
  ST- from Communication from the Commission to the
  European Parliament, the Council and the Court of
  Auditors. Annual accounts of the European Union.
  Financial year 2009, at http//eur-lex.europa.eu)
• Ajustarile pla?ilor statelor membre privind
  resursele proprii bazate pe VNB garanteaza
  coresponden?a între veniturile ?i cheltuielile
  înscrise în buget. (Romanian TT- from Comunicarea
  Comisiei catre Parlamentul European, Consiliu ?i
  Curtea de Conturi. Conturi anuale ale Uniunii
  Europene. Exerci?iul financiar 2009, at
  http//eur-lex.europa.eu)

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(f) Translation by paraphrase using unrelated
words

• If the concept expressed by the source item is
  not lexicalized at all in the target language,
  the paraphrase strategy can still be used in some
  contexts.
• EXAMPLE
• In the words of a Lonrho affidavit dated 2
  November 1988, the allegations...(English ST- A
  secret best seller, The Independent, November
  1988)
• According to the text of a written communication
  supported by an oath presented by the Lonrho
  organization and dated 2 November 1988, the
  allegations... (back-translated from Arabic)
• Romanian declaratie prestata sub juramânt
• Advantage it reaches a high level of precision
  in specifying the propositional meaning.
• Disadvantage
• - paraphrase does not have the status of a
  lexical item and therefore cannot convey
  expressive, evoked or any other associated
  meanings
• - awkward to use because it involves filling
  one-item slot with an explanation consisting of
  several items.

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(g) Translation by omission

• If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or
  expression is not vital enough to the development
  of the text to justify distracting the reader
  with lengthy explanations, translators can and
  often do simply omit translating the word or
  expression in question.
• EXAMPLE
• The pandas mountain home is rich in plant life
  and gave us many of the trees, shrubs and herbs
  most prized in European gardens. (English ST-
  Chinas Panda Reserves)
• The mountain settlements of the panda have rich
  varieties of plants. There are many kinds of
  trees, shrubs and herbal plants that are
  preciously regarded by European gardens.
  (back-translated from Chinese)
• EXAMPLE
• Of all the mediums that influence language, I
  think film is the one that has the most effect.
  (English ST- from Keep your English up to date-
  Make my day! by Prof. David Crystal)
• Dintre toate artele care influenteaza limbajul,
  filmul are probabil cel mai mare impact.
  (Romanian ST- from Cele mai noi expresii din
  viata de zi cu zi at the following address
  http//www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/specials/1259_uptoda
  terom1/page2.shtml)

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(h) Translation by illustration

• This is a useful option if the word which lacks
  an equivalent in the target language refers to a
  physical entity which can be illustrated,
  particularly if there are restrictions on space
  and if the text has to remain short, concise and
  to the point.
• e.g. a figure that appeared on a Lipton Yellow
  Label tea packet prepared for the Arab market.
  There is no easy way of translated tagged, as in
  tagged teabags, into Arabic without going into
  lengthy explanations which would clutter the
  text. An illustration of a tagged teabag is
  therefore used instead of a paraphrase.

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Translation by a more general word (super
ordinate)

• Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of
  every land and clime(p.6)
• ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????
  ??? ??????..
• (???? ?????_?14)
• ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???????
  ??...(????????_?15)

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Translation by a more general word

• In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a
  week.(p.10)
• ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???.(????
  ?????_?21)
• ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
  ???.(????????_?17)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• , he lurched across the yard, kicked off his
  boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass
  of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made
  his way up to bed,(p.1)
• ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????
  ???? ??
• ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?...(????????_?5)
• ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????
  ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?...(???? ?????_?5)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a
  week.(p.10)
• ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???.(????
  ?????_?21)
• ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
  ???.(????????_?17)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• The two of them usually spent their Sundays
  together in the small paddock beyond the
  orchard.(p.2)
• ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??
  ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????????.)????????
  _?7)
• ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
  ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????????.(????
  ?????_?7)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• He seldom talked, and when he did it was usually
  to make some cynical remark.(p.2)
• ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???????
  ???.(????????_?7)
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???
  ??? ???????.(???? ?????_?7)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• To see him toiling up the slope inch by
  inch(p.37)
• ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
  ??????...(????? _?66)
• ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ?????...(????????_?52)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• The newcomers who had been brought from farms ten
  or twenty miles away(p78)
• ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????
  ?????...(?????_?131)
• ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ?????...(????????_?118)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• The earth was like iron, and nothing could be
  done in the fields.(p.28)
• ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????
  ??? ??????.(????????_?46)
• ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??
  ??? ??????.(???? ?????_?51)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is
  the watchword for today.(p.33)
• ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????
  ????.(????????_?55)
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?
  ???.(???? ?????_?60)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• It seemed to them as though Snowball were some
  kind of invisible influence,(p.47)
• ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??
  ???? ??? ?? ????? ????...(????????_? 74)
• ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??
  ????? ????...(???? ?????_?83)

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Translation by cultural substitution

• It was very neatly written, and except that
  friend' was written freind' and one of the
  S's' was the wrong way round, the spelling was
  correct all the way through.(p.15)
• ???? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????
  ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
  ???? ???? ???.(????????_?26)
• ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???
  ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???.(???? ?????_?28)

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Translation by paraphrase using a related word

• The windmill presented unexpected
  difficulties.(p.36)
• ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
  ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???.(?????_?65)
• ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????
  ??(????????_?58)

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Translation by paraphrase using a related word

• The animals settled down in the straw, and the
  whole farm was asleep in a moment.(p.8)
• ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??????
  ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????.(????
  ?????_?17)
• ??????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?
  ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ????.(????????_?16)

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Translation by paraphrase using a related word

• We will build all through the winter, rain or
  shine.(p.43)
• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??
  ?????? ?? ?????.(????????_?68)
• ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???
  ??????.(???? ?????_? 75)

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Translation by paraphrase using a related word

• All animals are equal but Some animals are more
  equal than others.(p.81)
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????
  ????????(???? ?????_?134)
• ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.(????????_?
  122)
•  

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Translation by paraphrase using a related word

• Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung
  his fifteen stone against Joness legs.(p25)
• ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??
  ??? ??? ???? ??????.(????????_? 41)
• ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????
  ??????.(???? ?????_? 45)

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Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words

• But Napoleon was better at canvassing support for
  himself in between times.(p.28)
• ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  ???.(????????_?47)
• ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????
  ???????? ???.(???? ?????_?51)

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Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words

• Word had gone round during the day that old
  Major, the prize Middle White boar, had a strong
  dream on the previous night and wished to
  communicate it to the other animals.(p.1)
• ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
• ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??? ???? ????
  ??????? ???? ?????. (???? ?????_?5)
• ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??
  ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
  ???? ??? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???
  ???.(????????_?5)

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Translation using a loan word or loan words plus
explanation

• Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the
  hen-house for the night, but was too drunk to
  remember to shut the pop-holes. )p.1)
• ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? , ???? ????? ?????? ,??
  ??????? ?? ??? ????
• ???,????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???
  ????? ???? ?????.)???? ?????_?5)
• ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??
  ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????
  ????? ???? ?????. (????????_?5)

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Translation using a loan word or loan words plus
explanation

• All the animals trooped into the big barn for a
  general assembly which was known as the Meeting.
  (p.18)
• ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??
  ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????.(???? ?????
  _?34)
• ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??
  ?????? ??????????? ?? ????.(????????_?31)

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Translation using a loan word or loan words plus
explanation

• and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task
  of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it
  should be poisoned.(p.57)
• ...? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????
  ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????.(????????_?88)
• ...? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???
  ???? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ?? ????? ????.(???? ?????-?98)

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Translation using a loan word or loan words plus
explanation

• One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a
  large, neglected, old-fashioned farm,
• Its owner Mr. pilkington, was an easy-going
  gentleman-farmer.(p.22)
• ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????...
• ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
  ???....(????????_?37)
• ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ...
• ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
  ???.... (???? ?????_?41)

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Translation using a loan word or loan words plus
explanation

• ?????? ???? ?????
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????
  ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ??
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ??? ??? ??? ??
  pilk????? bilk(?? ??????) ? milk(??????
  ??????)???.

44
Translation by omission

• He was a sly-looking little man with side
  whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of
  business,(p.39)
• ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ????? ????...(????????_? 63)
• ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ???
  ?????? ???? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ...(????
  ?????_?69)

45
Translation by omission

• Finally there came a night when the gale was so
  violent that the farm buildings rocked on their
  foundation and several tiles were blown off the
  roof of the barn.(p.42)
• ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
  ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????.(????????_?66)
• ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??
  ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??
  ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
• (???? ?????_?74)

46
Translation by omission

• It ran No animal shall kill any other animal
  without cause. somehow or other, the last two
  words had slipped out of the animals
  memory.(p.54)
• ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  ??????.
• ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????
  ???? ???.(????????_?84)
• ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
  ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????
  ???.(???? ?????_?91)

47
Translation by omission

• The whole management and organization of this
  farm depend on us.(p.21)
• ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????.(????
  ?????-?39)
• ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??
  ????.(????????-?36)

48
Translation by omission

• Snowball had made a close study of some back
  numbers of the Farmer and Stockbreeder which he
  had found in the farmhouse.(p.28)
• ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??
  ??? ?????? ???? ??? ? ....(????????-?47)
• ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????
  ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?
  ....(???? ?????_? 52)

49

• Nasrin Nejad Moghadam
• jonquilprior_at_yahoo.com