Runway Incursion Prevention

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Runway Incursion Prevention Visual Aids at
Aerodromes
TRAINRO/1-PPT/30

• Yong Wang
• Chief, Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids

First Training Course of Regional Officers (FLS
and ATM Regional Officers) (Montreal, 16 27
November 2009)
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Overview

• Definition of RI
• Contributory factors
• ICAO documentation
• Annex 14, Volume I provisions on visual aids RI
  prevention
• Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
  operations
• Other Annexes provisions

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ICAO Definition of RI

• Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the
  incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or
  person on the protected area of a surface
  designated for the landing and take-off of
  aircraft.

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US Airways Runway Incursion Accident Los
Angeles Controller cleared aircraftto land
with another aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
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Contributory Factors

• Breakdown in Communications
• Pilot Factors
• Air Traffic Control Factors
• Airside Vehicle Driver Factors
• Aerodrome Design Factors

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ICAO Documentation

• Annexes 2,11,14
• PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) PANS-OPS (Doc 8168)
• Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control
  Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830)
• Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or
  Near-Parallel Instrument Runways (SOIR)
  (Doc 9643)
• Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids (Doc
  9157)
• Safety Management Manual (SMM) (Doc 9859)
• Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions
  (Doc 9870)
• Runway Safety toolkit

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Visual Aids at Aerodromes

• Marking
• Lighting
• Signs
• Markers

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Markings

• Runway-holding position markings
• Intermediate holding position marking
• Road-holding position marking
• Mandatory instruction marking
• Information marking

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Lighting

• Stop bars
• Runway guard lights
• Intermediate holding position lights
• Road holding position lights

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Signs

• Mandatory instruction signs
• Information signs
• Road-holding position sign

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars

• Note 1. The provision of stop bars requires
  their control either manually or automatically by
  air traffic services.
• Note 2. Runway incursions may take place in all
  visibility or weather conditions. The provision
  of stop bars at runway holding positions and
  their use at night and in visibility conditions
  greater than 550 m runway visual range can form
  part of effective runway incursion prevention
  measures.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars

• 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
  every runway-holding position serving a runway
  when it is intended that the runway will be used
  in runway visual range conditions less than a
  value of 350 m, except where

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars

• 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
  every runway-holding position serving a runway
  when it is intended that the runway will be used
  in runway visual range conditions of values
  between 350 m and 550 m, except where

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars

• 5.3.19.4 Recommendation.- Where the
  normal stop bar lights might be obscured (from a
  pilots view), for example, by snow or rain, or
  where a pilot may be required to stop the
  aircraft in a position so close to the lights
  that they are blocked from view by the structure
  of the aircraft, then a pair of elevated lights
  should be added to each end of the stop bar.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars

• 9.8.6 Where a surface movement guidance
  and control system is provided by selective
  switching of stop bars and taxiway centre line
  lights, the following requirements shall be met
• a) taxiway routes which are indicated by
  illuminated taxiway centre line lights shall be
  capable of being terminated by an illuminated
  stop bar

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights

• Note. The purpose of runway guard lights is to
  warn pilots, and drivers of vehicles when they
  are operating on taxiways, that they are about to
  enter an active runway. There are two standard
  configurations of runway guard lights as
  illustrated in Figure 5-27.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights

• 5.3.22.1 Runway guard lights, Configuration A,
  shall be provided at each taxiway/runway
  intersection associated with a runway intended
  for use in
• a) runway visual range conditions less than a
  value of 550 m where a stop bar is not installed
  and
• b) runway visual range conditions of values
  between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
  density is heavy.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights

• 5.3.22.2 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
  Configuration A, should be provided at each
  taxiway/runway intersection associated with a
  runway intended for use in
• a) runway visual range conditions of values less
  than a value of 550 m where a stop bar is
  installed and
• b) runway visual range conditions of values
  between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
  density is medium or light.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights

• 5.3.22.3 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
  Configuration A or Configuration B or both,
  should be provided at each taxiway/runway
  intersection where enhanced conspicuity of the
  taxiway/runway intersection is needed, such as on
  a wide-throat taxiway, except that Configuration
  B should not be collocated with a stop bar.

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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations

• Note 1. Guidance on aerodrome vehicle
  operations is contained in Attachment A, Section
  18 and on traffic rules and regulations for
  vehicles in the Manual of Surface Movement
  Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS).
• Note 2. It is intended that roads located on
  the movement area be restricted to the exclusive
  use of aerodrome personnel and other authorized
  persons, and that access to the public buildings
  by an unauthorized person will not require use of
  such roads.

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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations

• 9.7.1 A vehicle shall be operated
• a) on a manoeuvring area only as authorized by
  the aerodrome control tower and
• b) on an apron only as authorized by the
  appropriate designated authority.

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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations

• 9.7.2 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
  area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
  conveyed by markings and signs unless otherwise
  authorized by
• a) the aerodrome control tower when on the
  manoeuvring area or
• b) the appropriate designated authority when on
  the apron.

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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations

• 9.7.3 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
  area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
  conveyed by lights.

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Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I

• Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I brings to the
  Annex provisions on enhanced taxiway centre line
  markings and mandatory instruction markings and
  enhanced mandatory instruction signs to further
  strengthen runway incursion prevention
• Recently adopted by Council on 4 March 2009
• Will become applicable as of 19 November 2009

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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings

• 5.2.8.4 Recommendation. Where it is necessary
  to denote the proximity of a runway-holding
  position, enhanced taxiway centre line marking
  should be provided.
• Note. The provision of enhanced taxiway centre
  line marking may form part of runway incursion
  prevention measures.

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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings

• 5.2.8.5 Where provided, enhanced taxiway centre
  line marking shall be installed at all
  taxiway/runway intersections at that aerodrome

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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings

• 5.2.8.9 Where provided, an enhanced taxiway
  centre line marking shall extend from the runway
  holding position Pattern A (as defined in Figure
  5-6, Taxiway markings) to a distance of up to 45
  m (a minimum of three (3) dashed lines) in the
  direction of travel away from the runway or to
  the next runway holding position, if within 45m
  distance.

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Mandatory Instruction Markings

• 5.2.16.2 Recommendation. Where operationally
  required, such as on taxiways exceeding 60 m in
  width, or to assist in the prevention of a runway
  incursion, a mandatory instruction sign should be
  supplemented by a mandatory instruction marking.

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Mandatory Instruction Markings

• 5.2.16.3 The mandatory instruction marking on
  taxiways, where the code letter is A, B, C, or D,
  shall be located across the taxiway equally
  placed about the taxiway centre line and on the
  holding side of the runway-holding position
  marking as shown in Figure 5-9 (a). The distance
  between the nearest edge of the marking and the
  runway holding position marking or the taxiway
  centre line marking shall be not less than 1 m

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Mandatory Instruction Markings

• 5.2.16.4 The mandatory instruction marking on
  taxiways, where the code letter is E or F, shall
  be located on both sides of the taxiway centre
  line marking and on the holding side of the
  runway-holding position marking as shown in
  Figure 5-9 (b). The distance between the nearest
  edge of the marking and the runway holding
  position marking or the taxiway centre line
  marking shall be not less than 1 m.

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Enhanced Mandatory Instruction Signs

• 5.4.2.13 Recommendation. Where, owing to
  environmental or other factors, the conspicuity
  of the inscription on a mandatory instruction
  sign needs to be enhanced, the outside edge of
  the white inscription should be supplemented by a
  black outline measuring 10 mm in width for runway
  code numbers 1 and 2, and 20 mm in width for
  runway code numbers 3 and 4.

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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions

• Annex 2 Rules of the Air
• Aircraft shall not taxi onto maneuvering area
  without clearance
• Aircraft shall stop and hold at all runway
  holding positions
• Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
• Movement of persons and vehicles must be
  controlled by the control tower

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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions

• Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
• Movement of persons and vehicles must be
  controlled by the control tower
• ATS safety management
• Read-back of clearances
• Use of surface movement radar

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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions

• Amendment to Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and
  Incident Investigation and the Procedures for Air
  Navigation Services Air Traffic Management
  (PANS-ATM) to include runway incursions (severity
  A) as serious incidents to be reported by States
  to ICAO and new runway incursion reporting forms
• Applicable from November 2009)

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Thank you

• Yong Wang
• Chief, AGA/ANB
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)