Title: Runway Incursion Prevention
1Runway Incursion Prevention Visual Aids at
Aerodromes
TRAINRO/1-PPT/30
- Yong Wang
- Chief, Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids
First Training Course of Regional Officers (FLS
and ATM Regional Officers) (Montreal, 16 27
November 2009)
2Overview
- Definition of RI
- Contributory factors
- ICAO documentation
- Annex 14, Volume I provisions on visual aids RI
prevention - Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations - Other Annexes provisions
3ICAO Definition of RI
- Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the
incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or
person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take-off of
aircraft.
4US Airways Runway Incursion Accident Los
Angeles Controller cleared aircraftto land
with another aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
5Contributory Factors
- Breakdown in Communications
- Pilot Factors
- Air Traffic Control Factors
- Airside Vehicle Driver Factors
- Aerodrome Design Factors
6ICAO Documentation
- Annexes 2,11,14
- PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) PANS-OPS (Doc 8168)
- Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control
Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830) - Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or
Near-Parallel Instrument Runways (SOIR)
(Doc 9643) - Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids (Doc
9157) - Safety Management Manual (SMM) (Doc 9859)
- Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions
(Doc 9870) - Runway Safety toolkit
7Visual Aids at Aerodromes
- Marking
- Lighting
- Signs
- Markers
8Markings
- Runway-holding position markings
- Intermediate holding position marking
- Road-holding position marking
- Mandatory instruction marking
- Information marking
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14Lighting
- Stop bars
- Runway guard lights
- Intermediate holding position lights
- Road holding position lights
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20Signs
- Mandatory instruction signs
- Information signs
- Road-holding position sign
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26Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
- Note 1. The provision of stop bars requires
their control either manually or automatically by
air traffic services. - Note 2. Runway incursions may take place in all
visibility or weather conditions. The provision
of stop bars at runway holding positions and
their use at night and in visibility conditions
greater than 550 m runway visual range can form
part of effective runway incursion prevention
measures.
27Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
- 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
every runway-holding position serving a runway
when it is intended that the runway will be used
in runway visual range conditions less than a
value of 350 m, except where -
-
28Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
- 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
every runway-holding position serving a runway
when it is intended that the runway will be used
in runway visual range conditions of values
between 350 m and 550 m, except where -
-
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31Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
- 5.3.19.4 Recommendation.- Where the
normal stop bar lights might be obscured (from a
pilots view), for example, by snow or rain, or
where a pilot may be required to stop the
aircraft in a position so close to the lights
that they are blocked from view by the structure
of the aircraft, then a pair of elevated lights
should be added to each end of the stop bar.
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34Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
- 9.8.6 Where a surface movement guidance
and control system is provided by selective
switching of stop bars and taxiway centre line
lights, the following requirements shall be met - a) taxiway routes which are indicated by
illuminated taxiway centre line lights shall be
capable of being terminated by an illuminated
stop bar -
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36Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
- Note. The purpose of runway guard lights is to
warn pilots, and drivers of vehicles when they
are operating on taxiways, that they are about to
enter an active runway. There are two standard
configurations of runway guard lights as
illustrated in Figure 5-27.
37Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
- 5.3.22.1 Runway guard lights, Configuration A,
shall be provided at each taxiway/runway
intersection associated with a runway intended
for use in - a) runway visual range conditions less than a
value of 550 m where a stop bar is not installed
and - b) runway visual range conditions of values
between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
density is heavy.
38Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
- 5.3.22.2 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
Configuration A, should be provided at each
taxiway/runway intersection associated with a
runway intended for use in - a) runway visual range conditions of values less
than a value of 550 m where a stop bar is
installed and - b) runway visual range conditions of values
between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
density is medium or light.
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41Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
- 5.3.22.3 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
Configuration A or Configuration B or both,
should be provided at each taxiway/runway
intersection where enhanced conspicuity of the
taxiway/runway intersection is needed, such as on
a wide-throat taxiway, except that Configuration
B should not be collocated with a stop bar.
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43Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
- Note 1. Guidance on aerodrome vehicle
operations is contained in Attachment A, Section
18 and on traffic rules and regulations for
vehicles in the Manual of Surface Movement
Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS). - Note 2. It is intended that roads located on
the movement area be restricted to the exclusive
use of aerodrome personnel and other authorized
persons, and that access to the public buildings
by an unauthorized person will not require use of
such roads.
44Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
- 9.7.1 A vehicle shall be operated
- a) on a manoeuvring area only as authorized by
the aerodrome control tower and - b) on an apron only as authorized by the
appropriate designated authority.
45Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
- 9.7.2 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
conveyed by markings and signs unless otherwise
authorized by - a) the aerodrome control tower when on the
manoeuvring area or - b) the appropriate designated authority when on
the apron.
46Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
- 9.7.3 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
conveyed by lights.
47Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I
- Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I brings to the
Annex provisions on enhanced taxiway centre line
markings and mandatory instruction markings and
enhanced mandatory instruction signs to further
strengthen runway incursion prevention - Recently adopted by Council on 4 March 2009
- Will become applicable as of 19 November 2009
48Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
- 5.2.8.4 Recommendation. Where it is necessary
to denote the proximity of a runway-holding
position, enhanced taxiway centre line marking
should be provided. -
- Note. The provision of enhanced taxiway centre
line marking may form part of runway incursion
prevention measures. -
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50Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
- 5.2.8.5 Where provided, enhanced taxiway centre
line marking shall be installed at all
taxiway/runway intersections at that aerodrome
51Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
- 5.2.8.9 Where provided, an enhanced taxiway
centre line marking shall extend from the runway
holding position Pattern A (as defined in Figure
5-6, Taxiway markings) to a distance of up to 45
m (a minimum of three (3) dashed lines) in the
direction of travel away from the runway or to
the next runway holding position, if within 45m
distance.
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53Mandatory Instruction Markings
- 5.2.16.2 Recommendation. Where operationally
required, such as on taxiways exceeding 60 m in
width, or to assist in the prevention of a runway
incursion, a mandatory instruction sign should be
supplemented by a mandatory instruction marking.
54Mandatory Instruction Markings
- 5.2.16.3 The mandatory instruction marking on
taxiways, where the code letter is A, B, C, or D,
shall be located across the taxiway equally
placed about the taxiway centre line and on the
holding side of the runway-holding position
marking as shown in Figure 5-9 (a). The distance
between the nearest edge of the marking and the
runway holding position marking or the taxiway
centre line marking shall be not less than 1 m
55Mandatory Instruction Markings
- 5.2.16.4 The mandatory instruction marking on
taxiways, where the code letter is E or F, shall
be located on both sides of the taxiway centre
line marking and on the holding side of the
runway-holding position marking as shown in
Figure 5-9 (b). The distance between the nearest
edge of the marking and the runway holding
position marking or the taxiway centre line
marking shall be not less than 1 m.
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58Enhanced Mandatory Instruction Signs
- 5.4.2.13 Recommendation. Where, owing to
environmental or other factors, the conspicuity
of the inscription on a mandatory instruction
sign needs to be enhanced, the outside edge of
the white inscription should be supplemented by a
black outline measuring 10 mm in width for runway
code numbers 1 and 2, and 20 mm in width for
runway code numbers 3 and 4.
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61Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
- Annex 2 Rules of the Air
- Aircraft shall not taxi onto maneuvering area
without clearance - Aircraft shall stop and hold at all runway
holding positions - Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
- Movement of persons and vehicles must be
controlled by the control tower
62Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
- Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
- Movement of persons and vehicles must be
controlled by the control tower - ATS safety management
- Read-back of clearances
- Use of surface movement radar
63Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
- Amendment to Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and
Incident Investigation and the Procedures for Air
Navigation Services Air Traffic Management
(PANS-ATM) to include runway incursions (severity
A) as serious incidents to be reported by States
to ICAO and new runway incursion reporting forms - Applicable from November 2009)
64Thank you
- Yong Wang
- Chief, AGA/ANB
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)