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Title: Runway Incursion Prevention


1
Runway Incursion Prevention Visual Aids at
Aerodromes
TRAINRO/1-PPT/30
  • Yong Wang
  • Chief, Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids

First Training Course of Regional Officers (FLS
and ATM Regional Officers) (Montreal, 16 27
November 2009)
2
Overview
  • Definition of RI
  • Contributory factors
  • ICAO documentation
  • Annex 14, Volume I provisions on visual aids RI
    prevention
  • Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
    operations
  • Other Annexes provisions

3
ICAO Definition of RI
  • Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the
    incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or
    person on the protected area of a surface
    designated for the landing and take-off of
    aircraft.

4
US Airways Runway Incursion Accident Los
Angeles Controller cleared aircraftto land
with another aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
5
Contributory Factors
  • Breakdown in Communications
  • Pilot Factors
  • Air Traffic Control Factors
  • Airside Vehicle Driver Factors
  • Aerodrome Design Factors

6
ICAO Documentation
  • Annexes 2,11,14
  • PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) PANS-OPS (Doc 8168)
  • Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control
    Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830)
  • Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or
    Near-Parallel Instrument Runways (SOIR)
    (Doc 9643)
  • Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, Visual Aids (Doc
    9157)
  • Safety Management Manual (SMM) (Doc 9859)
  • Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions
    (Doc 9870)
  • Runway Safety toolkit

7
Visual Aids at Aerodromes
  • Marking
  • Lighting
  • Signs
  • Markers

8
Markings
  • Runway-holding position markings
  • Intermediate holding position marking
  • Road-holding position marking
  • Mandatory instruction marking
  • Information marking

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Lighting
  • Stop bars
  • Runway guard lights
  • Intermediate holding position lights
  • Road holding position lights

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Signs
  • Mandatory instruction signs
  • Information signs
  • Road-holding position sign

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
  • Note 1. The provision of stop bars requires
    their control either manually or automatically by
    air traffic services.
  • Note 2. Runway incursions may take place in all
    visibility or weather conditions. The provision
    of stop bars at runway holding positions and
    their use at night and in visibility conditions
    greater than 550 m runway visual range can form
    part of effective runway incursion prevention
    measures.

27
Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
  • 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
    every runway-holding position serving a runway
    when it is intended that the runway will be used
    in runway visual range conditions less than a
    value of 350 m, except where

28
Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
  • 5.3.19.1 A stop bar shall be provided at
    every runway-holding position serving a runway
    when it is intended that the runway will be used
    in runway visual range conditions of values
    between 350 m and 550 m, except where

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
  • 5.3.19.4 Recommendation.- Where the
    normal stop bar lights might be obscured (from a
    pilots view), for example, by snow or rain, or
    where a pilot may be required to stop the
    aircraft in a position so close to the lights
    that they are blocked from view by the structure
    of the aircraft, then a pair of elevated lights
    should be added to each end of the stop bar.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on stop bars
  • 9.8.6 Where a surface movement guidance
    and control system is provided by selective
    switching of stop bars and taxiway centre line
    lights, the following requirements shall be met
  • a) taxiway routes which are indicated by
    illuminated taxiway centre line lights shall be
    capable of being terminated by an illuminated
    stop bar

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
  • Note. The purpose of runway guard lights is to
    warn pilots, and drivers of vehicles when they
    are operating on taxiways, that they are about to
    enter an active runway. There are two standard
    configurations of runway guard lights as
    illustrated in Figure 5-27.

37
Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
  • 5.3.22.1 Runway guard lights, Configuration A,
    shall be provided at each taxiway/runway
    intersection associated with a runway intended
    for use in
  • a) runway visual range conditions less than a
    value of 550 m where a stop bar is not installed
    and
  • b) runway visual range conditions of values
    between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
    density is heavy.

38
Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
  • 5.3.22.2 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
    Configuration A, should be provided at each
    taxiway/runway intersection associated with a
    runway intended for use in
  • a) runway visual range conditions of values less
    than a value of 550 m where a stop bar is
    installed and
  • b) runway visual range conditions of values
    between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic
    density is medium or light.

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Annex 14, Volume I provisions on runway guard
lights
  • 5.3.22.3 Recommendation. Runway guard lights,
    Configuration A or Configuration B or both,
    should be provided at each taxiway/runway
    intersection where enhanced conspicuity of the
    taxiway/runway intersection is needed, such as on
    a wide-throat taxiway, except that Configuration
    B should not be collocated with a stop bar.

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Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
  • Note 1. Guidance on aerodrome vehicle
    operations is contained in Attachment A, Section
    18 and on traffic rules and regulations for
    vehicles in the Manual of Surface Movement
    Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS).
  • Note 2. It is intended that roads located on
    the movement area be restricted to the exclusive
    use of aerodrome personnel and other authorized
    persons, and that access to the public buildings
    by an unauthorized person will not require use of
    such roads.

44
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
  • 9.7.1 A vehicle shall be operated
  • a) on a manoeuvring area only as authorized by
    the aerodrome control tower and
  • b) on an apron only as authorized by the
    appropriate designated authority.

45
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
  • 9.7.2 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
    area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
    conveyed by markings and signs unless otherwise
    authorized by
  • a) the aerodrome control tower when on the
    manoeuvring area or
  • b) the appropriate designated authority when on
    the apron.

46
Annex 14 provisions on aerodrome vehicle
operations
  • 9.7.3 The driver of a vehicle on the movement
    area shall comply with all mandatory instructions
    conveyed by lights.

47
Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I
  • Amendment 10 to Annex 14, Volume I brings to the
    Annex provisions on enhanced taxiway centre line
    markings and mandatory instruction markings and
    enhanced mandatory instruction signs to further
    strengthen runway incursion prevention
  • Recently adopted by Council on 4 March 2009
  • Will become applicable as of 19 November 2009

48
Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
  • 5.2.8.4 Recommendation. Where it is necessary
    to denote the proximity of a runway-holding
    position, enhanced taxiway centre line marking
    should be provided.
  • Note. The provision of enhanced taxiway centre
    line marking may form part of runway incursion
    prevention measures.

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Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
  • 5.2.8.5 Where provided, enhanced taxiway centre
    line marking shall be installed at all
    taxiway/runway intersections at that aerodrome

51
Enhanced taxiway centre line markings
  • 5.2.8.9 Where provided, an enhanced taxiway
    centre line marking shall extend from the runway
    holding position Pattern A (as defined in Figure
    5-6, Taxiway markings) to a distance of up to 45
    m (a minimum of three (3) dashed lines) in the
    direction of travel away from the runway or to
    the next runway holding position, if within 45m
    distance.

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Mandatory Instruction Markings
  • 5.2.16.2 Recommendation. Where operationally
    required, such as on taxiways exceeding 60 m in
    width, or to assist in the prevention of a runway
    incursion, a mandatory instruction sign should be
    supplemented by a mandatory instruction marking.

54
Mandatory Instruction Markings
  • 5.2.16.3 The mandatory instruction marking on
    taxiways, where the code letter is A, B, C, or D,
    shall be located across the taxiway equally
    placed about the taxiway centre line and on the
    holding side of the runway-holding position
    marking as shown in Figure 5-9 (a). The distance
    between the nearest edge of the marking and the
    runway holding position marking or the taxiway
    centre line marking shall be not less than 1 m

55
Mandatory Instruction Markings
  • 5.2.16.4 The mandatory instruction marking on
    taxiways, where the code letter is E or F, shall
    be located on both sides of the taxiway centre
    line marking and on the holding side of the
    runway-holding position marking as shown in
    Figure 5-9 (b). The distance between the nearest
    edge of the marking and the runway holding
    position marking or the taxiway centre line
    marking shall be not less than 1 m.

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Enhanced Mandatory Instruction Signs
  • 5.4.2.13 Recommendation. Where, owing to
    environmental or other factors, the conspicuity
    of the inscription on a mandatory instruction
    sign needs to be enhanced, the outside edge of
    the white inscription should be supplemented by a
    black outline measuring 10 mm in width for runway
    code numbers 1 and 2, and 20 mm in width for
    runway code numbers 3 and 4.

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Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
  • Annex 2 Rules of the Air
  • Aircraft shall not taxi onto maneuvering area
    without clearance
  • Aircraft shall stop and hold at all runway
    holding positions
  • Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
  • Movement of persons and vehicles must be
    controlled by the control tower

62
Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
  • Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
  • Movement of persons and vehicles must be
    controlled by the control tower
  • ATS safety management
  • Read-back of clearances
  • Use of surface movement radar

63
Other ICAO Annexes Provisions
  • Amendment to Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and
    Incident Investigation and the Procedures for Air
    Navigation Services Air Traffic Management
    (PANS-ATM) to include runway incursions (severity
    A) as serious incidents to be reported by States
    to ICAO and new runway incursion reporting forms
  • Applicable from November 2009)

64
Thank you
  • Yong Wang
  • Chief, AGA/ANB
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
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