The Solar Solution

1
The Solar Solution

• Matt Martino
• Mark Bilodeau
• Senait Gebredingle
• Taylor Jones
• Adam Hipp
• Phil Losie

2
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roofs for SLO County
• Solar Plantation
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

3
Melting Pot Approach
Our approach is a plan for county wide
sustainability!
By leveraging existing infrastructure and
expanding to current and future technologies we
hope to create a comprehensive energy solution
for San Luis Obispo County.
4
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roof for SLO County
• Solar Plantation
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

5
Solar Roof for SLO County
Advantages-Solar energy is free -It needs no
fuel-produces no waste or pollution.-Excellent
supplement to other renewable sources-Solar
energy significantly dropped in price -According
to CAR, more than 60 buyers (market for solar
cell)DisadvantagesDoesn't work at nightVery
expensive to buildLow conversion efficiency
(improving)
6
Solar Roof
1

• Solar panels convert sunlight instantly
• into DC electric power
• Inverter converts DC power into
• standard household AC power for
• use in the home and synchronizes
• with utility power.
• Existing electrical panel distributes solar
  electricity to load in the house
• 4. Utility Meter spins backwards when solar
  power production exceeds house demand, selling
  power back to the utility.

2
4
3
7
SLO County Population

• Estimated population in SLO county
• In 2003 258,204 In 2050 500,000
• Avg. household size in SLO county 2.53
• 258,204/2.53
• 102,057 households
• Average household electricity use in California
• 584 KWh/month
• 7008 KWh/year

http//quickfacts.census.gov
8
Small Medium Large
Cost Before incentives 4,919 8,000 14,758 24,000 22,136 36,000
Electricity Consumption 23 1,588 kWh 80 121 5,657 kWh 8494kWh 121 8,486 kWh
CO2 emissions first year 1,969 lbs 7,015 lbs 10,522 lbs
New SunPower product maximizing yearly energy
productionsolar cells to generate up to 50 more
power than traditional products (
www.SunPower.com)
http//www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewable/esti
mator/index.html
9
Considerations

• Efficiency increases from 11 - 23
• Solar cells generates 50 more power
• Price remains the same for the first 5 years
  (decreases by 5 for second installment and 10
  there after)

10
Roof Installment
System (Buildings) Cost (Million) Power Saving (/year) Pay Off (Years)
First Installment 2010 200 2.95 204,000 34.7
Second Installment 2020 20 of new 10,000 2000 29.5 2,040,000
Third Installment 2040 40 of new 10,000 4000 59.1 4,080,000
Price decreases Second inst. by 1.4M (each
system 700) Third inst. by 5.9M (each system
1475)
11
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roof for SLO County
• Solar Plantation
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

12
The Solar Power Plant
13
The Stirling Engine
If you have a fixed amount of gas in a fixed
volume of space and you raise the temperature of
that gas, the pressure will increase.

• No Combustion
• No Fuel
• No Exhaust

http//travel.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine3.h
tm
14
Source of Heat Solar Concentrator

• Large Parabolic Concentrator
• 89 Mirror Facets
• 2 Axis Sun Tracking

http//www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Typeso
lar
15
Power Conversion Unit (PCU)

• Four Sealed Cylinders
• Power Output 480 V _at_ 60Hz
• Power-Conditioned by the Generators Interface

http//www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Typeso
lar
16
Comparison to Photovoltaic
About 3x More Power per Area!
http//www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?Typeso
lar
17
An example site Carrizo Plains
Originally 120 Acre 6 MW Solar Photovoltaic Power
Facility
With SES Units approx 36.5 MW on same 120 Acres
18
Current Price 250k/unit
Cost
Each Unit Generates 25kW
Units needed for Carrizo Plant 1460
Cost if built today 365 million
BUT
Manufacturing is ramping up soon and costs are
expected to drop rapidly, Target Production
Price 50k/unit
New Cost 73 million
40 Dish 1MW facility in CA in early 2006
20,000 Dish 500 MW facility in South West next
http//www.popsci.com/popsci/science/article/0,209
67,1018934,00.html
http//www.memagazine.org/pefeb05/runlong/runlong.
html
19
Time to Pay Off
Time in years to pay off -log( 1-iA/P) /
(log(1i)
i interest rate .06 (prime) A Loan Amount
73 million P Payment Amount profit from
selling the energy (Selling Price Cost)
Capacity (.12 - .06) per kWh 82.65E6 kWh
4.959 million
Time 36.86 years
http//oakroadsystems.com/math/loan.htm
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The Big Plan Assumptions

• Cost of producing electricity fixed at .06/kWh
• Selling price of electricity constant
• Cost of manufacturing down 10k/unit/1st 10yrs,
  5k/unit/10yrs after
• Energy use per capita constant
• Loan rate constant at 6

21
The Big Plan
Yearly Income After 2041 33.966 million 2047
220.78 million 2053 373.63 million
22
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roof for SLO County
• Solar Plant
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

23
Methods of Power Storage

• Battery (Lead-Acid, Metal- Air, Polysulfide
  Bromide)
• Capacitor
• Flywheel
• Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Hydro Pump Storage

24
Compress -Air Energy Storage (CAES)
25
Hydro Pump Storage
26
Helms Hydro Pump SystemFresno,CA

• 1125-MW underground pumped
• 1,600 feet elevation difference
• Project Completed 1982
• Cost 380 million

27
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roof for SLO County
• Solar Plantation
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

28
SLO County Mass Transit

• SLO Transit San Luis Obispo Transit
• CCAT Central Coast Area Transit
• SCAT South County Area Transit
• PRCATS Paso Robles City Area Transit

29
Mass Transit Statistics

• SLO Transit
• 11 buses in service (9 diesel 2 natural gas)
• 392,462 annual vehicle miles (2003)
• 4 mpg average fuel economy
• 98,115 gallons/year
• CCAT/SCAT
• 23 buses in service
• 1,135,676 estimated annual vehicle miles (4 mpg)
• 283,919 gallons/year
• PRCATS
• Estimated 6 buses in service
• 198,360 annual vehicle miles (2004)
• 49,590 gallons/year
• Information provided by National Transit Database
  (2003)

30
Mass Transit Statistics

• 40 SLO county buses currently in service
• 431,624 gallons of diesel/year total consumption
  for SLO county busing
• 1,726,498 total SLO county bus miles
• Alternatives to diesel buses
• Diesel-Hybrid systems
• Electric

31
Energy Consumption

• Economics of Bus Drivelines, Department for
  Transport, UK

32
Energy Savings

• Current diesel buses
• 6 kWh/km/bus
• 667 MWh annual for all buses
• Diesel-electric hybrid buses
• 3 kWh/km/bus
• 330 MWh annual for all buses
• All-electric buses
• 1 kWh/km/bus
• 110 MWh annual for all buses

33
Energy Cost Analysis

• Diesel Busing
• 2.26/gallon at the pump
• 431,624 gallons/year
• 975,470/year
• All-Electric Busing
• PGE Rate Analysis Tool
• A-1 Small General Service Rate (0.12 to
  0.18/kWh)
• 9200 kWh/month average estimate
• 16,788/year

34
Current Electric Bus Technology

• Dept. of Transportation (2003)
• Successful performance test took place in Rome,
  NY
• Electric bus showed 145 mile range under urban
  conditions
• Previous range record was 127 miles
• Further testing set to take place in August, 2004
• 312 kWh main battery and 22 kWh reserve

• Information provided by www.electric-fuel.com

35
Current Electric Bus Technology

• Images courtesy www.electric-fuel.com

36
Conclusion

• All-electric busing is feasible in SLO county
• NY has implemented a few all-electric bus routes
  successfully
• Considerable energy and financial savings
• Zero emissions
• Large initial investment to replace all buses
• Alternatively, county could replace old diesel
  buses with electric ones as they expire

37
Agenda

• Introduction
• Solar Roof for SLO County
• Solar Plant
• Energy Storage
• Mass transit
• Conclusion

38
2050 Power Budget

• Assuming adequately sized power storage ? All
  generated power is used (minus conversion
  inefficiencies)

Power Plant Generation 9.6 Trillion kWh
Solar Roof Generation 53.3 Million kWh
Electric bus system 0.110 Million kWh
Standard need 9.2 Trillion kWh
TOTAL 0.4 Trillion kWh above need
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2050 Financial Summary

• Total one-time costs

Solar power plant 3,750,000,000
Solar roof units 137,243,200
Electric bus system Uknown

• All one-time costs paid off by 2050

40
2050 Financial Summary

• Long term benefits

Power plant revenue 373,626,000/yr
Solar roof savings 6,324,000/yr
Electric bus savings (over current diesel fleet) 958,682/yr
41
The Big Plan A Summary

• Generation
• Phase solar roofing into new construction
• Reduces the average household need
• May even supply additional power to the grid
• Solar power plants
• Sterling engine / Parabolic concentrator

42
The Big Plan A Summary

• Usage
• Large storage solution
• Aim to retain and use (almost) all generated
  power
• All-electric public transportation vehicles
• More feasible than trying to affect the direction
  of the entire auto industry
• Inherently more efficient and should be better
  promoted anyway

43
Questions, Comments?

• Open for discussion