The Romantic Period

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The Romantic Period

• Introduction
• Romantic Poets
• William Wordsworth
• S.T. Coleridge
• G.G. Byron
• P.B. Shelley
• John Keats

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Introduction

• Romanticism as a literary movement came into
  being in England early in the latter half of the
  18th century.
• English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the
  publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges The
  Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter
  Scotts death.
• The eighteenth century was distinctively an age
  of prose. The Age of Wordsworthlike the Age of
  Shakespearewas decidedly an age of poetry.

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• English Romanticism is a revolt of the English
  imagination against the neoclassical reason. The
  French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English
  Industrial Revolution exert great influence on
  English Romanticism. The romanticists express a
  negative attitude towards the existing social or
  political conditions.
• They place the individual at the center of art,
  as can be seen from Lord Byrons Byronic Hero.
  The key words of English Romanticism are nature
  and imagination. English Romantic tend to be
  nationalistic, defending the greatest English
  writers. They argue that poetry should be free
  from all rules.

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Lake poets

• William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert
  Southey were known as Lake Poets because they
  lived and knew one another in the last few years
  of the 18th century in the district of the great
  lakes in Northwestern England. They were friends
  and traversed the same path in politics and
  poetry.
• The former two published The Lyrical Ballads
  together in 1798, while all three of them had
  radical inclinations in their youth but later
  turned conservative and received pensions and
  poet laureateships from the aristocracy.

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• Other greatest Romantic poets are George Gordon
  Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats.
• Karl Marx likes Byron and Shelley very much. MU
  Dan(??/???),a renowned Chinese poet and
  translator , did splendid work to popularize
  Byron and Shelley in China.
• Years ago, Wordsworth and Coleridge were labeled
  negative/passive romantic poets while Byron and
  Shelley were hailed as positive/active
  (revolutionary) Romantic poets. Wordsworth and
  Coleridges literary achievements were
  underestimated for a long time.

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Passive and Active / Revolutionary Romantic Poets

• Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to
  the development of capitalism. They split into
  two groups.
• Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of
  those classes which had been ruined by the
  bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets,
  represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
  
• Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring
  classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic
  poets, represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.

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English fiction gropes/explores its way amidst
the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its
popularity in the hands of Jane Austen Walter
Scott. Walter Scott is noted for his historical
novel based on Scottish history and legends. He
exerted great influence on European literature of
his time. Jane Austen is the first and foremost
English women novelist. Following the
neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the
description of uneventful /common everyday life.
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Characteristics of Romanticism

• Romanticism is a literary trend prevailing in
  England during the period 1798-1832. Coming along
  with the French Revolution and the Industrial
  Revolution, the English Romanticism, compared
  with the neo-classicism which emphasized what men
  have in common, focuses mainly on the special
  qualities of individuals mind. So its features
  run in contrary with the Neoclassism
• Firstly, the Romanticism tended to probe into the
  inner world of the human spirit rather narrate
  daily happenings of the human world
• Secondly, they liked to employ rural scenery,
  legendary and mythological resources and stories
  of ancient times to create their artistic
  reality, and favored figures from the country and
  Orientals which they took to be part of the
  innocent and pure Nature they sought for

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• Thirdly, the Romantic Age was one of poetry,
  producing a number of great poets such as
  Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Byron and Keats.
  Thus, imagination was emphasized as the greatest
  resource of literary creation, and freedom from
  all rules became the rule of poetical writing.
• Finally, the focus of the everyday life of human
  beings in the Age brought about the flourishing
  of familiar essay, e.g. those written by Charles
  Lamb, and the fiction about family life such as
  in the novels written by Jane Austen and its
  romantic longings led to the popularity of Gothic
  fiction with violence, horror and the
  supernatural, and the historical novels of Sir
  Walter Scott.

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William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings.
---William Wordsworth
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Biographical Introduction

• William Wordsworth, the representative poet of
  the early romanticism, was born on 7 April 1770
  in a lawyers family in Cockermouth.
• His father John was estate agent to Sir James
  ,who owned the house.
• The garden at the back, with the River Derwent
  flowing past, was a place of magic and adventure
  for the young William.
• William has an elder brother Richard, a younger
  sister Dorothy and two younger brothers John and
  Christopher.

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Cockermouth on the River Derwent, in the heart of
the Lake District
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• His childhood was spent largely in Cockermouth
  and Penrith, his mother's hometown. William and
  Dorothy and his future wife Mary attended infant
  school in Penrith between 1776 and 1777.
• William's mother died when he was 8. At the age
  of 13 his father died, The orphan was taken in
  charge by relatives who sent him to school at
  Hawkshead in the beautiful lake district in
  Northwestern England .Here, the unroofed school
  of nature attracted him more than the classroom,
  and he learned more eagerly from flowers and
  hills and stars than from his books. So the
  child early cherished a love of nature, which he
  later expressed in his poetry.

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The Old Grammar School in Hawkshead
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• He then went to St John's College of Cambridge,
  where he was not a notable student, but
  inevitably matured in thought and sophistication.
• From 1779 until 1787 William attended the Grammar
  school in Hawkshead with his brothers. At
  Hawkshead William thrived - receiving
  encouragement from the headmaster to read and
  write poetry. During these years he made many
  visits to the countryside, gaining inspiration as
  the powers of nature exercised their influence.

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• In 1795 he received a bequest and stayed in a
  cottage in Dorset, where they met Coleridge and
  Southey. In the years ahead a close relationship
  developed between William, Dorothy and Coleridge.
  Then William and Coleridge undertook a tour to
  the Lake District, devoting their time to writing
  poetry. By 1830,he was widely recognized for his
  poetry talent.
• He became a Tory and upheld the reactionary
  policy of the British government. In 1843,he was
  made Poet Laureate.
• In 1850 William caught a cold on a country walk,
  and he died on 23 April, 80 years after his
  birth. He and Mary who died 9 years later have a
  simple tombstone in the churchyard in Grasmere,
  now one of the most visited literary shrines ??
  in the world. William Wordsworth wrote some
  70,000 lines of verse, 40,000 lines more than any
  other poet.

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Wordsworth is buried with his family in Grasmere
?????churchyard.
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Wordsworth House and the Wordsworth Memorial
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Major Works

• An Evening Walk (1793)
• Lyrical Ballads (1798)
• Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
  ?????(1798)
• Lucy Poems ????(1799)
• The Solitary Reaper ??????(1805)
• Ode Intimations of Immortality???(1807)
• Ode to Duty (1807)
• The Excursion (1814)
• The Prelude,???????(1850)??

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Wordsworths greatest contribution to English
literature is his poems and his Preface to The
Lyrical Ballads. Though The Lyrical Ballads is
known as the collaborated work of Wordsworth and
Coleridge, all the poems but one (The Rime of The
Ancient Mariner) are written by Wordsworth. Most
of his most quoted poem are taken from this
collection.
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Preface to Lyrical Ballads

• Wordsworths Preface (1800) to Lyrical Ballads is
  the manifesto of English Romanticism. It is one
  of the revolutionary works of criticism, helping
  usher in the Romantic Age in literature (Dutton,
  198450).
• He is primarily concerned to justify the kinds of
  his poems which he had contributed to Lyrical
  Ballads.

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What Wordsworth says in the Preface to the
Lyrical Ballads

• All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
  powerful feeling.
• Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected
  in tranquility.
• The function of poetry lies in its power to give
  an unexpected splendour to incidents and
  situations from common life.
• Wordsworth endeavoured to bring (his) language
  near to the real language of men, by fitting to
  metrical arrangement a selection of the real
  language of men.

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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
by William Wordsworth
Listen
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• Wordsworth wrote a number of poems about someone
  called Lucy. It seems likely that Lucy is an
  entirely imaginative creation and is not based on
  a real person, although Coleridge came to the
  conclusion that she may be linked with Dorothy.
  He wrote, 'Most probably in some gloomier moment
  he fancied the moment in which his sister might
  die.'
• The story-line is strikingly simple. Lucy lives
  an isolated life, her beauty largely unnoticed.
  She dies. Her death is seen through the eyes of
  the one person who appears to have loved her,
  although who he is remains a mystery. Much of
  Wordsworth's poetry explores what he calls the
  'essential passions of the heart' it is
  concerned with love and emotion, but not wit
  physical or sexual passion. His description of
  Lucy, for instance, implies a fragility, purity
  and innocence - it is even unclear whether, as a
  'Maid', she is an adult.
• Lucy has more in common with nature than with
  human life. She is represented in terms of
  flowers - 'roses and 'violet' . Like a wild
  flower, which blooms where no-one can see it, her
  life is obscure and fleeting.Typical of many
  characters in Wordsworth's poetry, Lucy has a
  solitary existence, with little human contact.
  The image of the star emphasizes this, as nothing
  can be more solitary than one star in the whole
  sky.

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First version

• My hope was one, from cities far,Nursed on a
  lonesome hearthHer lips were red as roses
  are,Her hair a woodbine wreath.She lived among
  the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove,
  A maid whom there were none to praiseAnd very
  few to loveA violet by a mossy stone Half
  hidden from the eye! Fair as a star, when only
  one Is shining in the sky!And she was graceful
  as the brromThat flowers by Carron's sideBut
  slow distemper checked her bloomAnd on the Heath
  she died.Long time before her head lay low
  Dead to the world was she But now she'sin her
  grave, and Oh!The difference to me!

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Second version

• She dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the
  springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to
  praise And very few to love.A Violet by a
  mossy stone Half-hidden from the Eye! ---Fair,
  as a star, when only one Is shining in the
  sky!She lived unknown, and few could know When
  Lucy ceased to be But she is in her Grave, and,
  Oh! The difference to me!

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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
never be stepped on
live
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
??????????,
? water
Beside the springs of Dove,
???????,
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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A Maid whom there were none to praise
?????????,
And very few to love
???????????
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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A violet by a mossy stone
???????,
Half hidden from the eye!
???????!
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• A violet can be a symbol of innocence, modesty or
  mourning. It has stood for modesty and humility
  in that it grows so close to the ground and its
  blooms can be found under the leaves. Like those
  "blooms" of Lucy, the blooms of the violet cannot
  be seen easily. One must look closely to discover
  the true beauty.
• In Greek mythology, Zeus fell in love with a
  nymph named Io, who spent her days in fields of
  violets. Zeus turned her into a white heifer to
  protect her from his wife but left her to roam
  around in violets. Greeks revered the violets.

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• In the Middle Ages, it became a symbol of
  faithfulness and crowns of violet were made for
  the winners of courtly poetry contests. And still
  it is said that violets were white until Mary
  watched her only son suffer on the cross, then
  they turned purple in mourning. The poem is also
  one of mourning and demonstration of Lucy's
  faithfulness and modesty. A violet is sometimes
  used in Chinese lore to signify harmony of the
  universe. That could certainly be Wordsworth's
  intent here as well.

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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
Fair as a star, when only one
?????????
Is shining in the sky.
???????????
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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
She lived unknown, and few could know
???,????,
When Lucy ceased to be
died
???,?????
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She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
????????,
The difference to me!
??,????!
(????)
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??????????---?????? ????
??????????, ??????????, ?????????, ??????????
?????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????
???????????, ?????????? ????????, ???????????
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abab, cdcd, efef
The rhyme scheme is ________________.

• There are 2 images in the poem. One is the
  __________________, the other ____________________
  _____.
• Lucys beauty is ________ to the world.
• Lucys personality is cherished by ____.
• A. many B. few

half-hidden violet
one star shining in the sky
unknown
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Analysis of the poem

• This poem is about one girl with two different
  sides. The one of the violet is the side that the
  outside world see her as if they did not always
  turn their heads. The other is a star which seems
  to exist for the writer to give the girl out of
  place or unexpected complements such as "fair"
  and "shinning." On lines seven and eight it is
  indicated that she is the only one in in her
  lover's eyes with no rivals.
• The two symbols seem to balance themselves out.
  The violet which gives a very modest, shy feeling
  through the use of words such as "half hidden"
  and "unknown." At the same time in her lover's
  eyes she is the single star, dominating his
  world, not haughtily as the sun but more sweet
  and modest, like a star. At the end of the poem
  it is discovered that the woman had passed away
  but because the world never takes the time to
  notice her, its life is not affected. There is a
  significant shift right before the last line of
  the poem. It is here that emotion is first
  expressed by the writer. The long "oh" carries
  all of the emotion of the poem, only at this
  point the emotion is grief.

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Theme

• In these short stanzas, the poet tells of his
  admiration and singular devotion to Lucy and his
  utter despair over her death.

Rhetoric Devices
Simile Metaphor Personification Euphemism Assonanc
e Contrast Repetition
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  ??,?????????????????

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Major Features of Wordsworths Poetry

• A constant theme of Wordsworth's poetry was the
  growth of the human spirit through the natural
  environment
• He skillfully combined natural description with
  expressions of inward states of mind.
• His poems are characterized by sympathy with the
  poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of
  nature.

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• They have been much admired for their perfect
  simplicity, vivid imagery, directness of
  language, and unadorned beauty. His deliberate
  simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of
  experience produced a kind of pure and profound
  poetry that no other poet has ever equaled.
  "Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all
  knowledge it is the impassioned expression which
  is in the countenance???, ??? of all Science."
  (from Lyrical Ballads, 2nd ed., 1800)
• Because of his wonderful description of nature,
  he is often called the "Nature Poet".

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The art of Wordsworths poetry

• His theory, as stated in his Preface to the
  second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves
  as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the
  direct experience of the senses as the source of
  poetic truth as poetry comes from the emotion
  recollected in tranquility. The significance of
  the Preface also presents itself in the poets
  advocation of the writing of the common people in
  ordinary language
• His practice is what his theory implies, for the
  joys and sorrows of the common people are his
  themes, in many of his poems such as the Lucy
  poems

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• Natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts
  also as one of his favorite themes and the
  sympathy out of the poets nature towards the
  poor in rural places becomes part of his concern
• as one of the leading Romantic poets, the inner
  workings of individuals mind remains what
  Wordsworth likes to reveal in his depiction of
  natural scenery, and the spiritual growth of his
  own makes his masterpiece The Prelude.
• the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in
  diction and description is immersed in a profound
  and sympathetic longing for a better world.

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Comments

• Wordsworth is the representative poet of English
  romanticism.
• Wordsworths poetry is distinguished by the
  simplicity and purity of his language.
• Wordsworths theory on versification has exerted
  profound influence on later poets. (imaginative
  recreation)
• He is the leading figure of the English romantic
  poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His
  is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity
  and one that inspires his audience to see the
  world freshly, sympathetically and naturally.
• The most important contribution he has made is
  that he has not only started the modern poetry,
  the poetry of the growing inner self, but also
  changed the course of English poetry by using
  ordinary speech of the language and by advocating
  a return to nature.

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Homework I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1807)

• 1.What does the poem mainly write about?
• 2.This poem contains four six-lines stanzas. What
  kind of meter is it applied in these stanzas?
• 3.What is the rime scheme in each stanza?

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P. B. SHELLEY (1792-1822)
Poetry is the record of the best and happiest
moments of the happiest and best minds.

---Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Life story

• Shelley was born into an affluent family at
  Sussex. He got a very good school education,
  first at Eton and then at Oxford.
• In 1811, while he was still a student at Oxford,
  he wrote a pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism,
  repudiating the existence of God.

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He was expelled from Oxford for his seditious
pamphlet. Then he eloped with Harriet Westbrook
to Edinburgh. When he returned to London, he
became a disciple of William Godwin, a radical
social philosopher. He fell in love with Godwins
daughter, Mary. Harriets drowning enabled him to
marry Godwins daughter, but left him a bad
reputation as an immoralist. He left England and
went to the Continent.
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He made friends with Byron while they were in
Geneva, Switzerland. He wrote his best poems
during this period. On July 8, 1822, while he was
sailing in a small boat along the coast of Italy,
a tempest struck his boat and he was drowned. He
was buried in Rome. The inscription on his
tombstone reads Percy Bysshe Shelley, COR
CORDIUM. ( meaning heart of hearts)
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Upon his untimely death, one of his opponents
writes, Shelley, the writer of some infidel
poetry, has been drowned now he knows whether
there is a God or not. Engels thinks highly of
Shelley and Byron, He writes, Shelley, the
genius, the prophet, Shelley, and Byron, with his
glowing sensuality and his bitter satire upon our
existing society, find most of their readers in
the proletariat.
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Major Works

• Ode to the West Wind ???
• To a Skylark ???
• The Cloud ?
• Prometheus Unbound ?????????
• Queen Mab ????
• The Masque of Anarchy ?????????
• The Necessity of Atheism???????
• A Defense of Poetry??

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To a Skylark
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Ode

• A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written
  in a dignified formal style on some lofty or
  serious subject. Odes are often written for a
  special occasion, to honor a person or a season
  or to commemorate an event.
• Two famous odes are Percy Bysshe Shellys Ode to
  the West Wind and John Keatss Ode on a Grecian
  Urn.

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Ode To A Skylark
Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never
wert, That from Heaven, or near it, Pourest thy
full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated
art. -   Higher still and higher From the earth
thou springest Like a cloud of fire The blue
deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar,
and soaring ever singest.  
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???

• ???,?????!????????,?????????,????????,???????,
  ??????? ??,??????,????????,????????,???????,
  ???????,??????

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• In the golden lightning
• Of the sunken sun,
• O'er which clouds are bright'ning,
• Thou dost float and run
• Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun.
• The pale purple even
• Melts around thy flight
• Like a star of Heaven,
• In the broad daylight
• Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill
  delight,

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• ???????,????????,???????,????????,????????????
  ????? ???????????????,???????,??????,???????
  ??????

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• Keen as are the arrows
• Of that silver sphere,
• Whose intense lamp narrows
• In the white dawn clear
• Until we hardly see- we feel that it is there. -
•  
• All the earth and air
• With thy voice is loud,
• As, when night is bare,
• From one lonely cloud
• The moon rains out her beams, and Heaven is
  overflowed.

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• ????????,????????,???????,??????,??????,??????
  ???? ???????,????????,????????,???????,?????
  ?,???????

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• What thou art we know not
• What is most like thee?
• From rainbow clouds there flow not
• Drops so bright to see
• As from thy presence showers a rain of melody.
•  
• Like a Poet hidden
• In the light of thought
• Singing hymns unbidden,
• Till the world is wrought
• To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not
•  

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• ????,????,?????????????????????????,??????????
  ??????? ?????,??????????,????????,??????????
  ??????????????

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• Like a high-born maiden
• In a palace-tower,
• Soothing her love-laden
• Soul in secret hour
• With music sweet as love, which overflows her
  bower
• Like a glow-worm golden
• In a dell of dew,
• Scattering unbeholden
• Its aereal hue
• Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from
  the view!

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• ????????,????????,????????,??????????,????????
  ?,?????? ?????????,????????,???????,????????
  ,
• ??????????????

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• Like a rose embowered
• In its own green leaves,
• By warm winds deflowered,
• Till the scent it gives
• Makes faint with too much sweet those
  heavy-winged thieves
•  
• Sound of vernal showers
• On the twinkling grass,
• Rain-awakened flowers,
• All that ever was
• Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth
  surpass

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• ???????????????,????????,????????????????????
  ???????,???????,???????,?????,??,?????,????
  ????

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• Teach us, Sprite or Bird,
• What sweet thoughts are thine
• I have never heard
• Praise of love or wine
• That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine. -
  
•  
• Chorus Hymeneal,
• Or triumphal chant,
• Matched with thine would be all
• But an empty vaunt,
• A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden
  want. -
•  

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• ??????,???????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ???????,???????,???????,????????,?????
  ?,????????

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• What objects are the fountains
• Of thy happy strain?
• What fields, or waves, or mountains?
• What shapes of sky or plain?
• What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of
  pain?
• With thy clear keen joyance
• Languor cannot be
• Shadow of annoyance
• Never came near thee
• Thou lovest- but ne'er knew love's sad satiety.

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• ?????????,????????????????????????????????????
  ??,????????? ?????????????????,??????????????
  ,??,??????????????

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• Waking or asleep, Thou of death must deem
  Things more true and deep Than we mortals
  dream, Or how could thy notes flow in such a
  crystal stream? We look before and after, And
  pine for what is not Our sincerest laughter
  With some pain is fraught Our sweetest songs
  are those that tell of saddest thought.

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• ???????,???????????????????????,????????,?????
  ?????? ??????,??????????,???????,????????,??
  ????????????????

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• Yet if we could scorn Hate, and pride, and fear
  If we were things born Not to shed a tear, I
  know not how thy joy we ever should come near.
  Better than all measures Of delightful sound,
  Better than all treasures That in books are
  found, Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of
  the ground!

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• ??,???????????????,??????????????,????,???????
  ??? ??????????????,??????????????,??????????
  ,???????

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• Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must
  know, Such harmonious madness From my lips
  would flow The world should listen then, as I am
  listening now!

• ?????,??????????,????????????????,??????????
  ????? (?? ?)

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82
Brief Comments

• Shelley grew up with revolutionary ideas under
  the influence of Hume and Godwin. He held a life
  long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority
  and institutional religion.
• Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical
  poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his
  hatred towards tyranny.
• His poems abound with personification, metaphor
  and other figures of speech.
• Shelley is one of the most important dramatists
  of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement
  in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus
  Unbound.

83
John Keats(1795-1821)
84
Keats life story

• Keats was born into a stable keepers family. He
  got little school education. He was apprenticed
  to a surgeon though his interest was in poetry.
• With the aid of Shelley, Keats first collection
  of poems was published in 1817.
• He was severely criticized by leading literary
  magazines such as Blackwoods Magazine and
  Quarterly Review.
• Keats contracted consumption (pneumonia) while he
  was taking care of his brother. He died in 1821
  in Rome, Italy. His grave in Rome bears the
  epitaph Here lies one whose name is writ in
  water.
• Shelley and Byron wrote elegies for his premature
  death.

85
Major Works

• Long poems
• Endymion
• Isabella
• The Eve of St. Agnes
• Lamia
• Hyperion

• Odes and sonnets
• Ode to Autumn
• Ode to a Nightingale
• Ode on Melancholy
• Ode on a Grecian Urn
• Bright Star
• When I Have Fear
• The Grasshopper and The Cricket.

86
Ode on a Grecian Urn
87
Comments

• Keatss poetry is always sensuous, colorful and
  rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of
  his senses.
• He draws diction, style and imagery from works of
  Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton and Dante. With
  vivid and rich images, he paints poetic pictures
  full of wonderful color.
• Keats produced a variety of works, including
  epic, lyric and narrative poems. The mythic world
  of the ancient Greece and the English poetry of
  Renaissance period provide Keats with the most
  imaginative resources.
• Keats poems present us with an everlasting
  poetic beauty. His motto is Beauty is truth,
  truth beauty.

88
My Recommendation
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janeinfo.html ?????6?????????????? http//www.jasn
a.org/ ??????????????????????????? Htpp//www.bart
leby.com/139 ???????????? http//www.library.utoro
nto.ca/utel/rp/authors/shelley.html ?????????? htt
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