Kingdom Plantae

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• Kingdom Plantae

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Botany

• The study of plants
• Those focused on the study of plants are called
  what?

BOTANISTS
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Characteristics of Plants

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of cellulose
• Chlorophyll other accessory pigments
• Autotrophic
• Non-motile
• Reproduce sexually
• Classified by presence or absence of vascular
  tissue

What vascular tissue is in you?
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Vascular Tissue in Plants

• Just like vascular tissue in YOU circulates
  blood...
• Vascular tissue in plants circulates water and
  nutrients!!
• But not all plants have vascular tissue.

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Non-Vascular Plants
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Non-vascular plants

• Where do non-vascular plants have to live? Why?
• Two types of non-vascular plants
• Multicellular aglae
• Mosses

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Where do MC Algae live?

• Usually underwater
• The deeper the algae lives, the less light it is
  exposed to
• This problem is solved with the presence of
  accessory pigments that can absorb different
  wavelengths of light

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Pigments in MC Algae

• What is a pigment?
• A chemical that absorbs some wavelengths of light
  and reflects the rest
• You SEE the color of the wavelength being
  reflected
• So-most green plants have the pigment chlorophyll
  which absorbs all colors except which one?

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Phylum Chlorophyta

• Green algae
• Thought to be the ancestor of today's modern
  plants
• Usually lives close to the surface of marine
  waters
• Chlorophyll (green) main pigment no accessory
  pigments

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Phylum Phaeophyta

• Brown algae
• Mostly marine, cool waters
• Chlorophyll accessory brown pigment
• Largest of all algae make huge underwater
  forests

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Phylum Rhodophyta

• Red algae
• Mostly seaweeds that grow in very deep, cold,
  marine waters
• Chlorophyll accessory red pigments
• Edible used to wrap sushi

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Mosses

• Starting to make transition to land, but still
  dependent on a moist environment
• Mosses don't have to live IN water, but still
  NEAR water
• Still lack vascular tissue water must diffuse
  slowly from cell to cell
• Need H2O to reproduce male gamete needs to
• swim to egg

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Mosses

• Lack TRUE roots, stems, leaves
• Root-like rhizoids for anchoring
• Stem-like structures for support
• Leaf-like structures which perform photosynthesis
  and conduct H2O minerals

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Vascular Plants
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Vascular Plants ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms

• True land plants - possess vascular tissue
• Two types of vascular tissue
• 1. xylem - carries water and minerals from the
  roots to stems and leaves
• 2. phloem - carries products of photosynthesis
  from leaves down to stems and roots

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Vascular structures

• Xylem and Phloem can be found in true
• 1.Roots
• 2. Stems
• 3. Leaves

Did MC Algae or Mosses have these? How do we know?
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Roots

• Underground
• Absorbs H2O minerals
• Anchors plant
• Some are edible
• Carrots
• Radishes
• Ginger
• 2 types of root systems
• Taproot
• Fibrous root

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ID the root system!
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Stems

• Connect roots and leaves
• Transport food, H2O, nutrients between roots
  and leaves
• Some are edible
• onions
• potatoes
• celery
• asparagus

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Stems contd.

• Can become tough develop bark
• Wood is formed when extensive layers of xylem are
  laid down (the rings of a tree) newer rings are
  on the outside
• Bark (lies outside of the wood) is made of phloem

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Leaves

• 2 main parts
• Blade large, thin, flattened portion of leaf
  photosynthetic portion
• Petiole thin structure connects blade to stem
• Some leaves are edible
• Lettuce
• Spinach
• Herbs

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Leaves contd.

• Vascular tissue bundled in VEINS
• Protective layers on top bottom are EPIDERMIS
• Region between upper lower epidermis that
  contains chloroplast is MESOPHYLL ( into spongy
  palisade layers)
• Waxy layer (lies outside of epidermis)
• called CUTICLE...what does it do?????
• STOMATA are small openings in a leaf that allow
  for gas exchange water control formed by 2
  special cells known as guard cells

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Leaves contd.
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Quick Check

• Which leaf layer is most efficient at performing
  photosynthesis?
• How do water and nutrients enter and leave a
  leaf?
• How do gases enter and exit leaves?

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SEEDLESS vascular plants

• Ferns!!!

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Ferns

• Over 12,000 species
• Produce spores not seeds
• Abundant in wet or seasonally wet habitats
• Why?
• Sperm still have to swim to eggs

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SEED-BEARING Vascular plants

• 2 Groups
• Gymnosperms seeds made in cones
• Angiosperms seeds made in flowers
• Less dependent on H2O b/c they have pollen -
  sperm that can get to egg w/o H2O
• Also more advanced than others b/c
• They use cones flowers during reproduction
• Embryos protected in seeds 3 parts of seed
• Seed coat - outer covering
• Embryo
• Food supply (cotyledon)
• In addition, some seeds come
• w/ built-in dispersal structures

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Gymnosperms

• Gymno naked
• Sperm seed
• Seeds produced w/in cones

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Angiosperms

• Seeds develop in ovary of flowers
• Ovary develops into fruit w/ seeds inside
• Divided into 2 groups
• Monocots have one cotyledon
• Dicots have two cotyledons

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• DICOTS
• 2 cotyledons
• Taproots
• Leaves w/ branched veins

• MONOCOTS
• 1 cotyledon
• Fibrous roots
• Leaves w/ parallel veins

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• Dicots
• Vascular bundles in stem arranged in ring

• Monocots
• Vascular bundles in stem scattered

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• Monocots
• Flower parts in multiples of three

• Dicots
• Flower parts in multiples of fours or fives