CHAPTER 24 THE SOLAR SYSTEM

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S
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A
R
S
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Photosphere1st layer of suns atmosphereThis is
what we see when we look at sun
ChromosphereMiddle layer of suns
atmosphereStreams of Hydrogen gas shoot outwards
CoronaOuter layer of suns atmosphereHot
particles far apartVisible during eclipse
Layers of the Sun
Layers of the Sun
Review
Core
CoreNuclear Fusion of H ? He Hottest part of sun
Convection ZoneHot material rises - coolscooler
material sinks heats up
Radiation ZoneHeat radiates out from core
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CompareChemical Reactions vs. Fusion
6 CO2 6 H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6 O2
Chemical Reactions
6 carbon atoms
6 carbon atoms
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6 CO2 6 H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6 O2
Chemical Reactions
12 hydrogen atoms
12 hydrogen atoms
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6 CO2 6 H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6 O2
Chemical Reactions
12 oxygenatoms
6 oxygenatoms
6 oxygenatoms
12 oxygenatoms
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Summary
6 CO2 6 H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6 O2
Chemical Reactions
In Chemical Reactions, you neither gain nor lose
atoms, you just rearrange the atoms.
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Fusion
New atoms are created from other atoms by
fusing the nucleus of atoms together.
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Fusion

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom has one proton
P

P

P Pn n
energy

P

P
1 helium nucleus2 protons 2 neutrons
4 Hydrogen Nuclei 4 protons
Hydrogen fuses to become Heliumand energy is
released.
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Fusion
4 H ? He energy
No Helium Helium
Hydrogen No Hydrogen
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Summary
Fusion
One Helium atom is created by fusing the nuclei
of four Hydrogen atoms together
and lots of energy is released.
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Fusion in the Sun
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1. H 4 protons

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fusion begins
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One of the protons become a neutron
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which releases
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Energy
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Energy
and a neutrino
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proton neutron fuse
Energy
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with another proton and forms
Energy
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Helium 3
Energy
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.. and more energy
Energy
Energy
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Helium 3 molecules fuse Result Helium 4 and
Energy
Energy
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more energy and
Energy
Energy
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2 leftover protons
Energy
Energy
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COMPOSITION OF THE SUN
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COMPOSITION OF THE SUN
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LIFE CYCLES OF STARS
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Life Cycles of Stars
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swirling cloud of gases
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Nebula swirling cloud of gases
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Nebula swirling cloud of gases
Developing Protostars of different masses
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Nebula swirling cloud of gases
Developing Protostars of different masses
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Nebula swirling cloud of gases
Developing Protostars of different masses
Gravity causes Contraction Start H He
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Nebula swirling cloud of gases
Developing Protostars of different masses
Gravity causes Contraction Start H He
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Small/medium mass star
H He
Stars of different masses have different life
cycles
Large mass star
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Red Giant -No H left -start He C -Outside
expands -Inside contracts - gravity
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White Dwarf -No He left -Outside drifts
away -core glows (no fuel)
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Black Dwarf -core no longer glows
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Super Giant or Red Giant -No H left -start He
C -more mass -Outside expands -Inside
contracts - gravity
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Supernova Type II -explosion
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Neutron Star -smaller -more dense
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Black Hole -most dense
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Small/medium mass star
Red Giant
White Dwarf
Black Dwarf
Neutron Star or Black Hole
Large mass star
Red/Super Giant
Supernova
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LIFE CYCLES OF STARS
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NEBULA

• Gaseous cloud
• Birthplace of stars
  

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STAR BIRTH

• Hydrogen 90
• Helium 9
• Other 1
• Dust ltlt1
• Particles are a million times farther apart than
  the particles in the air

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PROTOSTAR

• Very low density
• Particles attracted by gravity - pulled together
• Gravity of 1057 atoms are needed to overcome
  kinetic energy

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FIRST NUCLEAR FUSION

• Gravity pulls molecules together
• Density increases
• Heat cant escape
• Fusion begins

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MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

• Our sun
• H molecules fused into He-4
• Energy released

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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Transports heat energy
out
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RED GIANT

• Runs out of H fuel
• Outer layers heat up fast and expand
• Helium core
• contracts
• heats up
• begins fusion into Carbon

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Red Giant - Fusion in Sun
CORE Fusing remaining H into He
CORE Fusing He into C
Core
CORE Carbon ash
Expanding shell
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SUN AS A RED GIANT

• Eventually this will happen to our sun, and when
  it doeswe get fried. Thats right, the sun likes
  its human well done.

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WHITE DWARF

• Runs out of He fuel
• Outside shell floats away
• Core contracts
• Core cools -forms white dwarf

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WHITE DWARF
CORE Ash contracts Radiates heat out
Expanding shell
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SUN AS A WHITE DWARF

• 5 billion years from now our sun will be at this
  point. With the material around the core gone,
  the sun will be much smaller.

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BLACK DWARF
CORE No heat left
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FUSION REPEATED
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Heat energy transports
out
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Fusion in Sun
CORE Non-burning He ash
CORE Fusing H into He
Core
Non-burning H shell
Radiation/Convection Zones Transports heat energy
out
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Red Giant - Fusion in Sun
CORE Fusing remaining H into He
CORE Fusing He into C
Core
CORE Carbon ash
Expanding shell
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WHITE DWARF
CORE Ash contracts Radiates heat out
Expanding shell
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BLACK DWARF
CORE No heat left
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High Mass StarFUSION
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Super Giant High Mass Stars
CORE H fusion He fusion Carbon fusion Oxygen
fusion Neon fusion Mg fusion Silicon fusion Iron
ash
Non-burning H
Expanding shell
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SUPER GIANT

• Creation of iron creates no heat stops fusion
• Core creates immense gravity CORE COLLAPSES
• Core compressed into protons electrons this
  uses energy
• Core collapse continues protons electrons
  changed into neutrons neutrinos (neutrinos
  escape)

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SUPERNOVA

• Collapse continues until neutrons are too close
  to each other
• REBOUND effect occurs stronger than gravity
• Everything blown apart by REBOUND effect

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BLACK HOLES AND NEUTRON STARS

• If left over mass is too low neutron star is
  formed glowing and emitting radiation
• If left over mass is high enough black hole is
  formed so dense that its gravity even traps
  light

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Solar Storms
Suns magnetic field reverses every 11
years Differential rotation of sun due to gaseous
nature Magnetic field lines distorted and
overlap Every 7-15 years, overlap of magnetic
field lines reaches maximum Overlap of magnetic
field increase magnetic field in that area
stops transport of heat Large magnetic field
strength stops transport of heat Cool spots form
called sun spots Sun spots occur in pairs
opposite polarity Sun spot activity reaches max
every 7-15 years Magnetic instabilities around
sun spots may create Prominences
Flares Prominences are a looping of solar
material near a sun spot Prominences release lots
of energy over days and weeks Flares shoot
material out in minutes Average Flare Largest
Prominence Flares affect our satellites