PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1
PHOTOSYNTHESISANDCELLULAR RESPIRATION

• By Diana Boyle, Jordan Capelle, Ross Dairiki,
  and Erika Keer

2
Basic Info.

• Definition process of using sunlight (light
  energy) to turn carbon dioxide water into
  glucose (chemical energy) oxygen
• Equation 6CO2 6H2O --gt C6H12O6 6CO2
• Location chloroplast of cell
• 2 part process Light-Dependent (Light)
  Reactions, Light-Independent (Dark) Reactions
  

3
Diagram of a Chloroplast
4
Light-Dependent Reactions

• Also known as light reactions
• Definition Uses energy from sunlight to split
  H2O and produces ATP (form of energy) NADPH
  (electron carrier) as well as O2 (waste product)
• Location thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
• - Membranestudded with protein-complexes
• - Contains primary electron acceptor
• - Contains light-absorbing pigments
• - Primarily chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
• - Accessory pigments (help plants use more
  light since each pigment absorbs specific
  wavelength)
• 2 types
• 1) Linear Electron Flow 2) Cyclic Electron Flow

5
Linear Electron Flow

• Photosystem II Contains reaction center called
  p. 680 (absorbs 680 nm light best)
• Photosystem I Contains reaction center called p.
  700 (absorbs 700 nm light best)

6
Steps of Linear Electron Flow

• 1) Light hits antenna pigments of PSII, which
  passes energy to chlorophyll a, exciting some of
  its electrons it gets replacement electrons from
  H20 molecules, leaving O2 and H ions in the
  lumen
• 2) As energized e- pass along proteins in the
  membrane (called electron transport system/ETS),
  some of the electron transport energy is used to
  pump H ions into the lumen
• 3) The e- go to PSI and replace electrons lost by
  p700 when it was hit by light

7
Steps of Linear Electron Flow (continued)

• 4) The excited e- from PSI go along membrane
  proteins to NADP, which then forms NADPH in the
  stroma, absorbing H ions
• 5) The H pumped into the lumen (and H removed
  from stroma by NADP) form a chemiosmotic
  gradient, which is used for synthesis of ATP as
  those H ions return to the stroma by way of a
  special protein in membrane ? ATP synthase

8
Cyclic Electron Flow

• 1) Light energy energizes an electron from PSI
• 2) e- travels through ETS proteins this pumps H
  into the lumen
• 3) e- returns to PSI a chemiosmotic gradient is
  used to make ATP

9
Light-Independent(Dark) Reactions/Calvin Cycle

• Definition The process of fixing CO2 into
  glucose using NADPH and ATP from the
  light-dependent reactions

10
Steps

• 1) 6 CO2 join with 6 RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate)
  with help of RuBisco enzyme (Ribulose
  Bisphosphate Carboxylase) to form unstable
  6-carbon molecule
• 2) 6 6-carbon molecules split into 12 13-PG
  (3-phosphogylcerate) molecules
• 3) Energy and a phosphate from 12 ATP are added
  to the 3-GP forms 12 13-BPG (1,
  3-BisphosphoGlycerate)
• 4) 12 NADPH turn 12 1, 3-BPG into 12 G-3P
  (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)
• 5) 2 of 12 G-3P become 6 RuP (Ribulose Phosphate)
• 6) Energy and P from 6 ATP turn 6 RuP (Ribulose
  Phosphate) into 6 RuBP ? cycle begins again

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The following music video includes some general
information about photosynthesis to provide a
break from slides! Sorry for the freeze frames,
they were needed to sync timing. Enjoy! ?
12
C3, C4, and CAM plants

• C3 plants use CO2 to first make a 3 carbon
  molecule in the Calvin Cycle (normal
  photosynthesis plants)
• Photorespiration RuBisco by mistake adds O2
  instead of CO2 when conditions are hot, dry,
  bright
• Takes energy to remove O2 and return RuBP for use
  in Calvin Cycle
• Occurs when CO2 is low and O2 is high
• C4 plants 1st add CO2 to make a 4 carbon
  molecule
• Special structure mesophyll cells do light
  reactions and C4 carbon fixation
• PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to make 4 carbon
  molecules
• 4 carbon molecules go to bundle sheath cells.
  Bundle sheath cells (around vascular
  tissue)specialized for doing Calvin Cycle.
  Remove CO2 from 4 carbon molecule so it can be
  used in the Calvin Cycle. ATP recycles PEP
  returns it to mesophyll cells
• CAM plants absorb CO2 at night to make an acid,
  then break that down during the day to provide
  CO2 for the Calvin Cycle to make glucose (acid
  metabolism)

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Cellular Respiration!

• Definition Breakdown of molecules to gain energy
  (ATP), catabolism
• Equation C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H20 Energy
  (ATP)
• Reverse of photosynthesis
• Location mitochondria (aerobic)/cytoplasm
  (anaerobic aerobic)

15
Type 1 Anaerobic Respiration

• Does NOT require O2, occurs in cytoplasm has
  two parts
• Part 1 Glycolysis splits glucose to make
  pyruvate and gets some energy (ATP)
• Part 2 Fermentation allows glycolysis to
  continue, recycles NADH back to NAD (does not
  generate ATP)

16
Glycolysis

• (Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)
• 2 ATP added to glucose turns into fructose
  1,6-bisphosphate, making it easier to split,
  cant diffuse from cell (energy SPENT)
• Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits forms 2 G3P
  molecules
• 2 Phosphates NADs come in the NAD takes 2
  electrons becomes NADH, while P is stuck on,
  turning each G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  (1,3-BPG)
• 2 1,3-BPG lose 2 P to 2 ADP creates 2 ATP 2
  1,3-BPG become 2,3-phosphoglycerates (3-Pg)

17
Fermentation

• Pyruvate can become CO2, alcohol, lactic acid
  (humans do lactic acid fermentation when not
  enough O2 is present, as in heavy exercise)
• Net energy gain for anaerobic respiration
  (glycolysis fermentation)2 ATP/glucose

18
Type 2 Aerobic Respiration

• REQUIRES O2, occurs in cytoplasm then
  mitochondria.
• 3 parts
• 1) Glycolysis
• 2) Citric Acid Cycle
• 3) Electron Transport System

19
Steps of Citric Acid Cycle

• Pyruvate loses a CO2 and NADH is formed
• Coenzyme A combines with C, forming Acetyl-CoA,
  which immediately combines with oxaloacetate,
  forming citric acid Acetyl-CoA falls back off to
  be recycled
• Citric Acid turns into isocitrate, then NAD
  pulls off 2 electrons, turning into NADH this
  makes Co2 fall off, forming alpha-ketoglutarate,
  turning into succinyl-CoA NADHformed as CO2
  falls off
• CoA falls off, forming succinate some energy
  from thisused to form GTP (transfers the energy
  to ATP)
• FAD takes 2 electrons from succinate, making
  FADH2 succinate becomes fumarate
• Fumarate becomes malate, which loses 2 electrons
  to NAD creating NADH and re-creating original
  oxaloacetate
• (Oxes Are Crazy In Kansas. So Should Foxes Marry
  Oxes?)

20
ETS/Chemiosmotic (oxidative) photophosphorylation

• Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create an
  H gradient for ATP synthesis
• Location cristae of mitochondria (folds in
  membrane)
• Steps
• NADH and FADH2 drop off e- on the ETS
• e- pair from NADH have enough energy to pump 10
  H
• Electron pair from FADH2 have enough energy to
  pump 6 H
• Electrons eventually end up on O2, forming H2O
• About every 4 H ions, as they go out the ATP
  synthase channel

21
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ENERGY

• ATP created by ETS
• 2 NADH (glycolysis)? 3 ATP
• 8 NADH (Krebs cycle)? 20 ATP
• 2 FADH2 (Krebs cycle)? 3 ATP
• The net energy gain (for 2 pyruvates/1 glucose)
• 1 ATP ? 2 ATP
• 2 NADH ? 8 NADH
• 1 FADH2 ? 2 FADH2

• Energy gain (theoretical) from 1 glucose for
  aerobic respiration
• Glycolysis? 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle? 2 ATP
• ETS? 26 ATP
• TOTAL30 ATP

23
Bibliography

• Textbook Website in general
• CHAPTER 38- Parts of flower, fertilization,
  male/female gametophytes, hummingbird, double
  fertilization, seed structure, origin of fruits,
  and preventing self-fertilization CHAPTER 39-
  Reception and transduction and response,
  flowering hormone, and avirulent defense
  responses
• http//view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launche
  Text.do?valuesbookID4487platform1004invok
  eTypelmslaunchStategoToEBookscenarioidsc
  enario3logoutplatform1004platform1004sce
  nario3globalBookIDCM81419602userID191103
  7pageidhsid5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940b
  a
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  9eiOeGWT8acB6rAiQfc4ZWgCgprev/search3Fq3Dlab
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  bv3D226tbm3Dischum1itbs1   

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Bibliography Cntd.

• (Linear electron flow)-
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• (Cyclic electron flow)-
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