??? MALARIA PARASITE

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??? MALARIA PARASITE

• ????? ?????
• ?????? ??? ????? ?

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???Malaria parasite (plasmodium)

• Pathogen of malaria
• ????????????????,????????????,??????(P.vivax),????
  ?(P.falciparum),?????(P.malariae),
  ?????(P.ovale)????????,???,????????
• ??????,?????????????
• ??????????????,????????????????????????

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?? Morphology

• Wrights ??---?? ?? ??????
• ----???????
• 1. ?????( P. vivax)
• ?????(???)
• Early trophozoite (ring form)
• ???????,??,?1/3RBC???????1?RBC???1???
  ??
• ???RBC ????

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• ?????(???) Late trophozoite
• ?????????,???,???(malarial
  pigment)??,??? 1???????
• ??? RBCs ??,
• ????,?????,
• ??????
• ( schuffners dots)?

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• ?????? Immature schizont
• ??? , ????? , ?
• ?2-4?,????????
• ????? Mature schizont
• ???? 12-24? ???????????,??12-24?
• ???(merozoites),
• ????????

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• ???? Male gametocyte
• ??? ?????
• ??????
• ???? Female gametocyte
• ??? ?????
• ??????

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• 2. ?????(P. falciparum)
• ----??????????????????????(WHY?)
• ?????(???)
• Early trophozoite (ring form)
• ???????,??,?1/5 RBC???????2?RBC???2????
  ?
• ???RBC ????

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• ???? Male gametocyte
• ??? ?????
• ????????
• ???? Female gametocyte
• ??? ?????
• ????????

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??? Life cycle

• In mosquito (final host)
• ??? ??
• Gametocytes(??) gametes (??)
• (bloodstomach) (stomach of insect)
• 
  union of
• 
  ??zygote
• rupture/release rounds up into
• ??? ?? ???
• sporozoites oocyst motile
  ookinete
• (Salivary glands) ( the body cavity
  side)

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(No Transcript)
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• In human body
• 1??????(???)Exoerythrocytic stage
• ??? bite/inject into ??????
• sporozoites exoerythrocytic
  schizonts
• (mosquito blood) (hepatic cell)
• 
  rupture/release
• 
  ??????
• exoerythrocytic
  sporozoites
• (
  blood)

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• There are two forms of sporozoites
• -----?????????????????
• ?????????,?????????
• ???????????????????
• ?,???????78???????
• ????,?????????????,
• ??????,????????????
• ?(3?),????????????
• ?????????????

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• 2??????(???)Erythrocytic stage
• ????? ?????
• early trophozoite later trophozoite
• P.f/36-48hrs
• P.v/48hrs
• ??? ??????
• merozoite immature schizont
• ?????
• Mature schizont
• the process from trphozoite to merozoite is
  called schizogony(????).

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• 3. ????? Gametgenesis
• ----??????????????,???????????????????????????
  ???
• ??????????????????????,??????????

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• ?????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????
• -----?????????????????????,????

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Characteristic of life cycle

• Intermediate host human
• Final host mosquito
• Infective stage sporozoite(???)
• Infective way mosquito bite skin of human
• Parasitic position liver and red blood cells
• Transmitted stage gametocytes(???)
• Schizogonic cycle in red cells (?????????) 48
  hrs/P.v36-48 hrs/P. f
• Sporozoite tachysporozite(??????) and
  bradysporozite(??????)

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?? Pathogenicity

• ?? Paroxysm (attack of malaria)
• ----??????????????????????3?????????????????????
  
• mechanism
• ----???????????,?????????????,???????????????,?
  ?????????????,???????????????????????????,????????
  ??????????,????????,????????,???????????

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• ----???????????????,???????,????????????? p.v.
  48 hrs P.f./36 to 48 hrs P.m./72 hrs
• Process ----to shows a succession of 3
  stages
• ?.?? The cold stage (chill), lasting for
• 30 min to 1 hr.
• ?.?? The hot stage (fever), 1 to 4 hrs.
• (3).?? Sweating stage, 1 to hrs.
• Characteristic
• ----(1).??? periodic
• (2).??? repeated
• (3).??? regular

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• ?? Recrudescence
• ???????,???????,????????????????????????????
  ????????,????????
• ??????????????????????????????

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• ?? Relapse
• ----??????????????????????????????????,??????,????
  ?????????????,???????????????????????
• ????????????,???????????????????????????

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• ?? anemia
• ---- ????????????,?????????????
• (1)????????????
• (2)?????,???????????
• (3)??????(???????)?
• (4)??????????
• ???????????????????????????,????

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• ??? Splenomegaly
• ---- ????????34??,?????,??????????,????????
• ???????????-????????

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• ????(?????)Malignant malaria
• ----????????????????????????????????????????,???
  ??????????????
• ????????????,??????????????????????????,????,
  ???????,??????

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???? Laboratory diagnosis

• 1.????
• (1)?????? ??????????????????,????????????????
  ??????????,???????????10??????
• Thin film
• Thick film
• Question Which stages are there in the blood
  film of P.v. or P.f. ?
• (2)??????????(??)

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• 2??????(??)
• ??????----?????????
• ? ???????
• ??????----???????
• ???????????
• 3????????
• PCR?PROBE

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?? Treatment

• Chlorquine ?quinine?artemisinin and
  artemether----anti-erythrocytic stage drugs.
  (question Which stage of plasmodium can these
  drugs kill?)
• Primaquine and pyrimethamine ----anti-exoerythroc
  ytic stage drugs.
• primaquine(anti-exoerythrocytic gametecyte)

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Prevention

• Chemoprophylaxis
• -----Chloroquine / pyrimethamine
• used for
• prophylaxis of malaria
• -----Chemotherapy 1 week before entry into
  the endemic area for 4 weeks after returning
  from the endemic area.

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• Mosquito control
• (1). Reconstruction of environment
  eradicate the breeding places of moquitoes.
• (2). Spry insecticides DDVP and so on.
• (3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or mosquito
  repellents to protect the person from mosquito
  bites.

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