PARTICIPLES!!!

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PARTICIPLES!!!
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What is a participle?

• A participle is a verbal adjective
• That means it functions as a verb an adjective
  at the same time BUT CANNOT BE THE MAIN
  VERBCANNOT STAND ALONEIS NOT A COMPLETE SENTENCE

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PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

• In ENGLISH translated as
• ing (jumping, running, praising, throwing,etc..)
• Or introducing a dependent clause by a word such
  as who, when, or since
• Examples
• Erroneus, who was going to the baths, lost his
  entry fee.
• Erroneus, going to the baths, lost his entry fee.
• Exercising in the palaestra, Erroneus is
  sweating.
• While exercising in the palaestra, Erroneus is
  sweating.

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HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

• IN LATIN.use the 2nd principal part and drop the
  RE
• For Nominative SingularADD NS
• Laudans praising
• Exercens exercising
• Sudans sweating
• For all other casesADD NT a 3rd declension
  ending
• Genitive singular laudantis
• Dative singular laudanti
• Accusative singular laudantem
• Ablative singular laudante
• Nominative plural laudantes
• Genitive plural laudantum
• Dative ablative plural laudantibus
• Accusative plural laudantes

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Nota bene!

• The action of the PP takes place CONTINUOUSLY and
  AT THE SAME TIME as the main verb
• Soif the main verb is in the PAST tense, the PP
  is translated in the PAST. If the main verb is
  in the PRESENT tense, the PP is translated in the
  PRESENT
• Examples
• Erreoneus is sweating while he is exercising in
  the palaestra.
• Erroneus was sweating while he was exercising in
  the palaestra.

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Practice choose the correct translation

• Exercens in palaestra, Erroneus sudat.
• A. While he was exercising
• B. As he was about to exercise
• C. While he is exercising
• 2) Servi venientes ad villas erant irati.
• A. Who were coming
• B. who were about to come
• C. Who are coming

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PERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

• 4th principal part
• Usually end in t or ss plus 1st or 2nd
  declension endings
• EXAMPLES -fatus, -a, -um
• -missus, -a, -um
• -egressus, -a, um

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• TRANSLATIONS OF THE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
• -having been _______-ed
• -after (he/she) had been _____-ed
• -when (he/she) had been _____-ed
• -since(he/she) had been _____-ed
• -because (he/she) had been _____-ed
• -who was _______-ed

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NOTA BENE!

• If the perfect participle has SUM, ES, EST,
  SUMUS, ESTIS, SUNT it is translated HAS been
  ____-ed
• If it is by itself, it is translated HAD been
  ed

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FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

• Take the 4th principal part add UR before the
  ending
• Example
• Missus ? missURus
• Ingressa? ingressURa
• Fatum? fatURum

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• TRANSLATED
• -about to ____
• -going to ____
• -intending to _____
• -on the point of ____
• -planning to ____
• -ready to _____

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NOTA BENE!

• Irregular Future Active Participles
• Sum, esse ? futurus, -a, -um ? going to be
• Eo, ire ? iturus, -a, um ? going to go
• Fero, ferre ? laturus, -a, -um ? going to carry,
  bring
• If the participle has a form of ESSE after
  it, it is translated like the future tense
• Missurus est ? he is about to send
• Missurus erat ? he was about to send

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ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE!!

• Participial phrase
• INDEPENDENT OF THE REST OF THE SENTENCE
  (absolutely independent)
• Consists of a noun or pronoun a participle ?
  both forms in the ablative case
• Subject of the ablative absolute is SEPARATE from
  the subject of the main sentence

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EXAMPLES

• Omnibus tacentibus, libertus nomina recitavit.
  (with everyone being quiet, the freedman read out
  the names.)
• Domino egresso, servi garrire coeperunt. (after
  the master had gone out, the slaves began to
  chatter.)
• Mercatore profecto, res dira accidit.
• Nuntiis a Britannia regressis, imperator
  senatores arcessivit.
• Consule haec locuto, omnes cives attoniti erant.

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Translations

• PERFECT PARTICIPLE (action occurs before the main
  verb)? Domino egresso
• -when the master had gone out
• -after the master had gone out
• -since the master had gone out
• -because the master had gone out
• -the master having gone out.

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• PRESENT PARTICIPLE (action occurs at same time as
  main action) ?
• -Erroneo bibente, amicus madefacit in caldario.
• -while Erroneus is drinking, his friend is
  soaking in the hot room.
• -Erroneo bibente, amicus madefecit in caldario.
• -while Erroneus was drinking, his friend was
  soaking in the hot room.

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• If there is NO PARTICIPLE
• -Erroneo balneatore, accipietne aliquis linteum?
• If Erroneius (is) the bath attendant, will anyone
  receive a towel?
• -Aqua frigidiore, Erroneus in frigidarium intrare
  non voluit.
• Because the water (was) too cold, Erroneus did
  not wish to enter the cold room.

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PRACTICE

• Servi Romanos venientes ad balneas saepe
  comitabantur.
• Who had come c. Who were coming
• Who have come d. who will be coming
• 2) Erroneus salutat feminas quae ad balneas
  euntes.
• Who were going c. Who are going
• Who had gone d. who will be going

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• 3) Cives, furibus vestes surripientibus, custodes
  conducebant.
• Because the clothes had been stolen by thieves
• After the thieves had stolen the clothes
• Because the thieves were stealing the clothes
• While the thieves are stealing the clothes
• Cicero scripsit, Signa rerum futurarum mundo a
  dis ostenduntur.
• Having happened c. About to happen
• Happening d. Had been
  happening

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• 5) The voices of the men singing annoyed me while
  I was soaking in the hot bath.
• Cantantium madefaciens
• Cantantis madefacientes
• Cantantium madefacientem
• Cantantes madefaciente
• 6) The girls were going to hurry into the
  changing room.
• Festinaturae erant c. Festinaturae sunt
• Festinaturae fuerant d. Festinaturi erant

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• 7) His rebus factis, athletae in palaestram
  ierunt.
• While these things were being done
• After these things were done
• About to do these things
• While doing these things
• 8) Exercens athleta plus unguenti rogat.
• While exercising c. Having exercised
• About to exercise d. Who was exercising

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• 9 ) We who are about to bathe salute you!
• Lautantes c. Lavandi
• Lauturi c. Lauturos
• 10) Illa, vix patiens vaporem, e caldario
  egrediebatur.
• Having scarcely endured the steam
• Who is barely enduring the steam
• Since she had barely endured the steam
• Who was scarcely enduring the steam

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• 11 ) Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ___!
• Ferentia c. ferens
• Ferentem d. ferentes
• 12) When the name has been changed, the story is
  told about you.
• Mutans nomen c. Mutatis nominibus
• Mutato nomine d. Mutatum nomen
• A word to the wise is sufficient.
• Sapienti c. Sapientes
• Sapiens d. sapientem

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• 14 ) The skill of an orator about to recite
  pleases those who are going to listen.
• Dicturi auditura
• Dicentis audientes
• Dicti auditos
• Dicturi audituros