National Cheng Kung University

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• National Cheng Kung University
• Prof. Dept. Environ. Occup Health Med. Col.
  Perng-Jy Tsai, Ph.D .

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Contents

• Walk-through categories
• Walk-through guidelines
• Pre-walk-through meeting
• The walk-through
• Walk-through imperatives
• The closing meeting

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Walk-through categories

• Preventive services
• Investigative services
• Regulatory or audit services
• Formulation of Accommodation options for disabled
  workers
• Note Focus on Preventive services

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Preventive services

• Assessment of existing Program status by
  adherence to established Walk-through guideline
  and Walk-through imperatives
• Creation of a data base for Program development
  or modification

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Walk-through guidelines Pre-walk-through meeting

• Potential physical, chemical, biological, and
  ergonomic hazards
• Current HSE policies and programs
• Major HSE problems
• Existing data collection and recordkeeping
  programs
• Others (e.g., Employee demographics by shift,
  gender, and age Specs of ventilation, lighting,
  acoustical design, etc.)

• The purpose of walk-through
• Reviewing key Functional operations (e.g.,
  packaging)
• Reviewing key Unit operations in each
  Functional operations (e.g., bulk packaging,
  bag packaging, and fork lifting)
• Job description
• MSDS

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Walk-through guidelines The walk-through

• Proper PPE (e.g., eye or hearing protection, hard
  hat, steel-toed shoes, respirators, protective
  clothing)
• Portable measuring instruments
• Law and regulations
• Notebooks

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Portable measuring instruments
Smoking tubes
Detective tubes
Anemometers
Sound level meter
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Law and regulations

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Keys for the walk-through

• Signs and labels
• Chemical containers and storage
• Confine space
• Emergency Equipment
• 1st aid kits
• Materials
• Employee behavior
• IDLH

• Comfort
• Facility condition and maintenance
• Clothing and PPE
• Lighting and EMF
• Ventilation
• Housekeeping
• Sanitation
• Noise and vibration

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Walk-through imperatives

• Hazard recognition
• Hazard evaluation
• Hazard control
• Note Taking the chemical hazard as an example

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Basic Hazard Recognition Procedures

• By reviewing
• Raw materials
• Intermediate and final products
• Equipments
• Functional operations
• Unit operations
• Engineering controls
• MSDS
• PPE.

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Chemical Hazards

• According to the Morphology
• Gas and Vapor
• Particulates
• Q What is the form of sulfuric acid presenting
  in the workplace atmosphere?

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Gas/Vapor

• Gas
• Materials are in the gaseous state at NTP (25?, 1
  atm)
• Vapor
• Chemicals are in the liquid form but partially
  exist in the gaseous phase (vapors).
• Affected by-
• Surface area
• Temperature

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Particulates

• Dust
• Spray (droplet)
• Mist
• Fume
• Smoke
• Bio-aerosol
• Q What is the form of sulfuric acid presenting
  in the workplace atmosphere?

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Factors affecting the outcomes of exposures

• Toxicity
• Exposure conc.
• Hydrophilic/particle size
• Manner of use (exposure routes)
• Exposure time
• Existence control devices and their effectiveness
• Susceptibility

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Chemical Hazards

• According to Promulgated Regulations
• - Organic solvent (3 classifications)
• - Special chemical agents (4 classifications)
• - Pb (organic, inorganic)
• - Dust (4 classifications)
• - Others

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• Note 55 solvents in total

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• ????? Free silica?10
• ????? Free silicalt10
• ????? Asbestos (length ? 5?m, diameterlt3 ?m,
  aspect ratio ? 3)
• ????? Nuisance dust

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MSDS (USA)

• Basic information manufacturers name, address,
  emergency tel.,
• Hazardous ingredients/identity information
  component, PEL, TLV
• Physical/chemical characteristics BP, VP, MP,
  SG, solubility
• Fire explosion flash point, LEL, UEL
• Reactivity data stability, incompatibility
• Health hazard data route of entry,
  carcinogenicity (IARC etc), first aid
• Precautions for safe handling and use spill?
  Waste disposal?...
• Control measures PPE, ventilation

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Hazard Communications

• Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
  Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
• Why?

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Why GHS? (classification)
? ?????? Allyl butyrate CAS No. 2051-78-7
??? LD 50 250 mg/kg (Rat, Oral)
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Why GHS? (classification)
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Hazard Evaluations

• Environmental Monitoring (Exposures)
• - Static (area)
• - Personal
• Biological monitoring (internal dose)

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Environmental Monitoring

• EM gt PEL gt Control? Compliance?
• Methods
• Particle Filter cassette (filtration)
• Gas/vapor
• Absorption (gas gt liquid) impinger
• Adsorption (gas gt solid) sorbent tube
• Activated carbon (non-polarity)
• Silica gel (polarity)
• Others

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Relative Standards for Hazard Evaluations

• Environmental Monitoring (Exposures)
• Types of available standards
• - PELs (OSHA)
• - TLVs (ACGIH)
• - RELs (NIOSH)
• - MELs (e.g., UK)
• Types of available limit values
• - 8-hr TWA
• - STEL
• - Ceiling

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Precautions for the use of PELs

• The only surrogate indicator for health hazard?
• For community or workplace?
• Proof for occupational disease?
• Feasible for overtime jobs?
• Safety guidelines? (Governmental, Practical, or
  Scientific oriented?).

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Biological monitoring

• BM gt BEI gt Healthy? Control?
• Methods
• Blood
• Urine
• Hair .
• Sampling time?
• End of workday?
• End of workweek?

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Relative Standards for Hazard Evaluations

• Biological monitoring (Internal dose)
• Available biomarkers
• - BEI (Biological exposure index ACGIH)
• - 38 BEIs promulgated till 2002
• Limitations
• - Invasive
• - Exposure routes?
• - Sources?

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Hazard controls

• Classification (I)
• Engineering
• Medical
• Administrative
• Classification (II)
• Source
• Path
• Receiver

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Hazard controls

• Engineering
• Substitution (source)
• Enclosure (source)
• Wet method (source)
• LEV (source)
• GEV (path)
• Plant design (receiver)

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Hazard controls

• Medical
• Physical examination (receiver)
• Health education (receiver)
• Treatment (receiver)
• Physical fitting (receiver)

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Hazard controls

• Administrative
• Reducing work time (receiver)
• Health and safety training (receiver)
• Rotation (receiver)
• PPE (receiver)

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Hazard controls

• Taking the Organic Solvent as an example
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• Capture velocity?

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The closing meeting

• To refine the form and the extent of the final
  report
• Some observation and recommendations should be
  reported verbally and preliminarilygt unless
  measured data becomes available
• Dont hastily draw conclusions

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References

• Kornberg, J.P., The Workplace Work-through, Lewis
  Publishers, 1992.
• Orr, N., Labato, F.J., Chapter 41 Survey and
  Audit, in The Occupational Environment Its
  evaluation, control and management, edited by
  Salvatore R.D., 2nd edition, American Industrial
  Hygiene Association (AIHA), 2003.

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