CHAPTER 33 - THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL

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CHAPTER 33 - THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL
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FDR A POLITICIAN IN A WHEELCHAIR

• In 1932, voters still had not seen any economic
  improvement, and they wanted a new president.
• President Herbert Hoover was nominated again
  without much vigor andtrue enthusiasm, and he
  campaigned saying that his policies preventedthe
  Great Depression from being worse than it was.

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FDR A POLITICIAN IN A WHEELCHAIR

• The Democrats nominated Franklin Delano
  Roosevelt, a tall, handsomeman who was the fifth
  cousin of famous Theodore Roosevelt and
  hadfollowed in his footsteps.
• FDR was suave and conciliatory while TR was
  pugnacious and confrontational.
• FDR had been stricken with polio in 1921, and
  during this time, his wife, Eleanor, became his
  political partner.
• Franklin also lost a friend in 1932 when he and
  Al Smith both sought the Democratic nomination.
• Eleanor was to become the most active First Lady
  ever

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Question 1

• Franklin Roosevelt's ____ contributed the most to
  his development of compassion and strength of
  will.
• a. education
• b. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt
• c. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt
• d. affliction with infantile paralysis
• e. service in World War I

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PRESIDENTIAL HOPEFULS OF 1932

• In the campaign, Roosevelt seized the opportunity
  to prove that hewas not an invalid, and his
  campaign also featured an attack on Hoovers
  spending (ironically, he would spend even more
  duringhis term).
• The Democrats found expression in the airy tune
  Happy DaysAre Here Again, and clearly, the
  Democrats had the advantage inthis race.

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Question 2

• In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the
  promise that as president he would attack the
  Great Depression by
• a. nationalizing all banks and major industries.
• b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.
• c. returning to the traditional policies of
  laissez-faire capitalism.
• d. continuing the policies already undertaken by
  President Hoover.
• e. experimenting with bold new programs for
  economic and social reform.

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Question 3

• The Democratic party platform on which Franklin
  Roosevelt campaigned for the presidency in 1932
  called for
• a. extensive social reforms and a balanced
  budget.
• b. deficit spending and a higher military budget.
• c. higher tariffs and support for American
  manufacturers.
• d. nationalization of key industries.
• e. breaking up monopolistic corporations and
  supporting small business.

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HOOVER'S HUMILIATION IN 1932

• Hoover had been swept into the presidential
  office in 1928, but in1932, he was swept out
  with equal force, as he was defeated 472 to 59.
• Noteworthy was the transition of the Black vote
  from the Republican to the Democratic Party.
• During the lame-duck period, Hoover tried to
  initiate some ofRoosevelts plans, but was met
  by stubbornness and resistance
• an anti-inflationary policy that would have made
  much of the New Deal impossible
• Hooverites would later accuse FDR of letting the
  depression worsen so that he could emerge as an
  even more shining savior.

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Question 4

• One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential
  election results was that
• a. the South had shifted to the Republican party.
• b. Democrats made gains in the normally
  Republican Midwest.
• c. urban Americans finally cast more votes than
  rural Americans.
• d. a clear gender gap opened up in which more
  women favored the Democrats.
• e. African Americans shifted from their
  Republican allegiance and became a vital element
  in the Democratic party.

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FDR AND THE THREE RS RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND
REFORM

• On Inauguration Day, FDR asserted, The only
  thing we have to fear is fear itself.
• He called for a nationwide bank holiday to
  eliminate paranoid bank withdrawals, and then he
  commenced with his Three Rs.
• The Democratic-controlled Congress was willing to
  do as FDR said, and the first Hundred Days of
  FDRs administration were filled with more
  legislative activity than ever before.
• Many of the New Deal Reforms had been adopted by
  European nations a decade before. He also
  borrowed ideas from war time agencies which took
  a direct role in the economy.

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Question 5

• The phrase Hundred Days refers to the
• a. worst months of the Great Depression.
• b. time it took for Congress to begin acting on
  President Roosevelt's plans for combating the
  Great Depression.
• c. flood of legislation passed by Congress in the
  first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.
• d. "lame-duck" period between Franklin
  Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.
• e. time that all banks were closed by FDR.

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Question 6

• The early New Deal experiments borrowed rather
  freely and randomly from
• a. the American labor movement and European
  socialism.
• b. early twentieth-century economists and social
  theorists Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey.
• c. Mussolini's fascism and Hitler's Nazism.
• d. U.S. wartime and pre-war agencies and European
  social reform models.
• e. the late nineteenth-century utopian literature
  of Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Charlotte
  Perkins Gilman.

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ROOSEVELT MANAGES THE MONEY

• The Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 was
  passed first. FDR declared a one week bank
  holiday just so everyone wouldcalm down and
  stop running on the banks.
• Then, Roosevelt settled down for the first of his
  thirty famous Fireside Chats with America.

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ROOSEVELT MANAGES THE MONEY

• The Hundred Days Congress passed the
  Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, that provided
  the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
  which insured individual deposits up to 5000,
  thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure
  and restoring faith to banks.
• FDR then took the nation off of the gold standard
  and achieved controlled inflation by ordering
  Congress to buy gold at increasingly higher
  prices.
• In February 1934, he announced that the U.S.
  would pay foreign gold at a rate of one ounce of
  gold per every 35 due.

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ROOSEVELT MANAGES THE MONEY

• The Emergency Banking Relief Act gave FDR the
  authority to manage banks.
• FDR then went on the radio fireside and
  reassured people it was safer to put money in the
  bank than hidden in their houses.
• The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act was passed.
  
• This provided for the FDIC (Federal Deposit
  Insurance Corp.) to insure the money in the bank.
  
• FDR wanted to stop people from hoarding gold.
• He urged people to turn in gold for paper money
  and took the U.S. off the gold standard.
• He wanted inflation, to make debt payment easier,
  and urged the Treasury to buy gold with paper
  money.

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Question 7

• The most immediate emergency facing Franklin
  Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933
  was
• a. the collapse of nearly the entire banking
  system.
• b. runaway inflation.
• c. the growing power of demagogues such as Huey
  Long and Father Coughlin.
• d. the near collapse of international trade.
• e. riots by unemployed workers and farmers unable
  to sell their goods.

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Question 8

• Immediately after taking office, President
  Roosevelt responded to the banking crisis by
• a. restoring the gold standard to guarantee the
  soundness of American currency.
• b. reassuring Americans that all their banking
  deposits were safe.
• c. providing major federal loans to the largest
  and soundest banks.
• d. establishing a new Bank of the United States
  to guarantee deposits.
• e. closing all American banks for a week, while
  reorganizing them on a sounder basis.

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Question 9

• The Glass-Steagall Act
• a. took the United States off the gold standard.
• b. empowered President Roosevelt to close all
  banks temporarily.
• c. created the Securities and Exchange Commission
  to regulate the stock exchange.
• d. permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall
  Street financial dealings.
• e. created the Federal Deposit Insurance
  Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

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Question 10

• Franklin Roosevelt took America off the gold
  standard and adopted a managed currency policy
  designed to
• a. stimulate inflation.
• b. reduce the price of gold.
• c. restore confidence in banks.
• d. reduce the amount of money in circulation.
• e. shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• Roosevelt had no qualms about using federal money
  to assist the unemployed, so he created the
  Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), whichprovided
  employment in fresh-air government camps for
  about 3 million uniformed young men.
• They reforested areas, fought fires, drained
  swamps, controlled floods, etc.
• One of the most popular of his programs
• However, critics accused FDR of militarizing the
  youths and acting as dictator.

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Question 11

• The single most popular New Deal program was
  probably the
• a. Works Progress Administration.
• b. Agricultural Adjustment Act.
• c. National Recovery Administration.\
• d. Civilian Conservation Corps.
• e. Tennessee Valley Authority.

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Question 12

• All of the following are true statements about
  the men who joined the CCC (Civilian Conservation
  Corps) except
• a. there were about three million men in the
  program.
• b. the men were mostly young, hired to work in
  fresh-air camps.
• c. many of the men had had criminal records.
• d. they worked on reforestation, flood control
  and swamp drainage projects.
• e. CCC workers helped families by sending most of
  their paychecks home.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• The Federal Emergency Relief Act looked for
  immediate relief rather than long-term
  alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief
  Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous
  Harry L. Hopkins.
• The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) made
  available many millions of dollars to help
  farmers meet their mortgages.
• The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
  refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bolted
  down the loyalties of middle class, Democratic
  homeowners.
• The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was
  established late in 1933, and it was designed to
  provide purely temporary jobs during the winter
  emergency.
• Many of its tasks were rather frivolous (called
  boondoggling) and were designed for the sole
  purpose of making jobs.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• The New Deal had its commentators.
• One FDR spokesperson was Father Charles Coughlin,
  a Catholic priest in Michigan who at first was
  with FDR then disliked the New Deal andvoiced
  his opinions on radio.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana was popular for
  his Share the Wealth program. Proposing every
  man a king, each family was to receive 5000,
  allegedly from the rich. The math of the plan was
  ludicrous.
• His chief lieutenant was former clergyman Gerald
  L. K. Smith.
• He was later shot by a deranged medical doctor in
  1935.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• Dr. Francis E. Townsend of California attracted
  the trusting support of perhaps 5 million senior
  citizens with his fantastic plan of each senior
  receiving 200 month, provided that allof it
  would be spent within the month. Also, this was a
  mathematicallysilly plan.

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Question 13

• Match each New Deal critic below with the cause
  or slogan that he promoted.
• A.Father Coughlin 1."social justice
• B.Huey Long 2."every man a king
• C.Francis Townsend 3."a holy crusade
  for liberty
• D.Herbert Hoover 4."200 a month for
  everyone over 60"
• a. A-l, B-2, C-4, D-3
• b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
• c. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
• d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
• e. A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

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Question 14

• Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained a large
  national following by promising to
• a. nationalize all banks and public utility
  companies.
• b. make Jews pay for causing the Great
  Depression.
• c. help farmers and workers organize to resist
  the power of corporations.
• d. provide the unemployed and elderly a
  200-a-month social security payment.
• e. "share our wealth" by raising taxes on the
  rich and giving every family 5,000.

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A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE

• Congress also authorized the Works Progress
  Administration (WPA) in 1935, which put 11
  million on thousands of public buildings,
  bridges, and hard-surfaced roads and gave 9
  million people jobs in its eight years of
  existence.
• It also found part-time jobs for needy high
  school and college students and for actors,
  musicians, and writers.
• John Steinbeck counted dogs (boondoggled) in his
  California home of Salinas county.
• Boondoggled-An unnecessary or wasteful project or
  activity

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NEW VISIBILITY FOR WOMEN

• Ballots newly in hand, women struck up new roles.
  
• First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was the most
  visible, but other ladies shone as well Sec. of
  Labor Frances Perkins was the first female
  cabinet member and Mary McLeod Bethune headed the
  Office of Minority Affairs in the NYA, the Black
  Cabinet, and founded a Florida college.
• Bethune-Cookman (Pitt hoops played them in 2012)

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NEW VISIBILITY FOR WOMEN

• Anthropologist Ruth Benedict helped develop the
  culture and personality movement and her
  student Margaret Mead reached even greater
  heights with Coming of Age in Samoa.
• Pearl S. Buck wrote a beautiful and timeless
  novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese
  farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize
  forliterature in 1938.

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Question 15

• Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s,
  like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, brought
  widespread contributions to the field of
• a. economics.
• b. political science.
• c. psychology.
• d. sociology.
• e. anthropology.

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HELPING INDUSTRY AND LABOR

• The National Recovery Administration (NRA), by
  far the most complicated of the programs, was
  designed to assist industry, labor, and the
  unemployed.
• There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages,
  and more rights for labor union members,
  including the right to choose their
  ownrepresentatives in bargaining.
• Largely failed because it required too much
  self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor,
  and the public.

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HELPING INDUSTRY AND LABOR

• (NRA)
• The Philadelphia Eagles were named after this
  act, which received much support and patriotism,
  but eventually, it was shot down by the Supreme
  Court.
• One of the Hundred Days Congresss earliest acts
  was to legalize light wine and beer with an
  alcoholic content of 3.2 or less and also levied
  a 5 tax on every barrel manufactured.
• He could possibly raise revenue and create jobs
• Prohibition was repealed with 21st Amendment

• Besides too much was expected of labor, industry,
  and the public.
• The Public Works Administration (PWA) also
  intended both for industrial recovery and for
  unemployment relief.
• Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L.
  Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by
  spending over 4 billion on some 34,000 projects
  that included public buildings, highways, and
  parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the
  Columbia River).

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Question 16

• The most complex and ambitious New Deal effort to
  achieve recovery and reform the entire American
  economy was the
• a. Public Works Administration.
• b. National Recovery Administration.
• c. Tennessee Valley Authority.
• d. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act).
• e. Social Security Administration.

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Question 17

• The National Recovery Administration (NRA) failed
  largely because
• a. businesses resisted regulation by the agency.
• b. it required too much self-sacrifice on the
  part of industry, labor, and the public.
• c. Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved
  to be an incompetent administrator.
• d. it did not provide enough protection for labor
  to bargain with management.
• e. the agency did not have enough power to
  control business.

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Question 18

• Roosevelt supported the repeal of prohibition
  because
• a. he thought it was unconstitutional.
• b. he believed the problem of drunkenness could
  be solved by restricting alcohol content to 3.2
  percent by weight.
• c. he thought that it afforded the opportunity to
  raise needed federal revenue and provide jobs.
• d. he needed support from the repeal movement to
  gain reelection.
• e. drys - those who opposed alcohol - were an
  increasingly small segment of the population.

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PAYING FARMERS NOT TO FARM

• To help the farmers, which had been suffering
  from deflation ever since the end of World War I,
  Congress established the Agricultural Adjustment
  Administration, which paid farmers to reduce
  their crop acreage and would eliminate
  price-depressing surpluses.
• However, it got off to a rocky start when it
  killed lots of pigsfor no good reason, and
  paying farmers not to farm actually increased
  unemployment.
• The Supreme Court killed it in 1936.
• The New Deal Congress also passed the Soil
  Conservation and domestic Allotment Act of 1936,
  which paid farmers to plant soil-conserving
  plants like soybeans or to let their land lie
  fallow.
• The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
  was a more comprehensive substitute that
  continued conservation payments but was accepted
  by the Supreme Court.

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Question 19

• The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to
  solve the farm problem by
• a. reducing agricultural production.
• b. subsidizing American farm exports overseas.
• c. encouraging farmers to switch to industrial
  employment.
• d. helping farmers to pay their mortgages.
• e. creating farm cooperatives.

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DUST BOWLS AND BLACK BLIZZARDS

• After the drought of 1933, furious winds whipped
  up dust into the air, turning parts of Missouri,
  Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma into the
  Dust Bowl and forcing many farmers to migrate
  west to California and inspired Steinbecks
  classic The Grapes of Wrath.
• The dust was very hazardous to the health and to
  living, creating further misery.
• Caused by soil erosion, over cultivation on
  marginal Great Plains farm land, and a severe
  drought

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DUST BOWLS AND BLACK BLIZZARDS

• Commissioner of Indian Affairs was headed by John
  Collier who sought to reverse the
  forced-assimilation policies in place since the
  Dawes Act of 1887.
• He promoted the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
  (the IndianNew Deal), which encouraged tribes
  to preserve their culture and traditions.
• Not all Indians liked it though, saying if they
  followed this back-to-the-blanket plan, theyd
  just become museumexhibits. 77 tribes refused to
  organize under its provisions (200 did).

• The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in
  1934, made possible a suspension of mortgage
  foreclosure for five years, but it was voided in
  1935 by the Supreme Court.
• In 1935, FDR set up the Resettlement
  Administration, charged with the task of removing
  near-farmless farmers to better land.

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Question 20

• All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl
  of the 1930s except
• a. dry-farming techniques.
• b. drought.
• c. farmers' failure to use steam tractors and
  other modern equipment.
• d. the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the
  Great Plains.
• e. soil erosion.

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Question 21

• In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the
  Resettlement Administration to
• a. help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to
  California.
• b. place unemployed industrial workers in areas
  where their labor was needed.
• c. move Indians from land that could be farmed by
  victims of the Dust Bowl.
• d. find jobs for farmers in industry.
• e. help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl
  move to better land.

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Question 22

• Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to
• a. Oklahoma.
• b. Arizona.
• c. Nevada.
• d. Oregon.
• e. California.

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Question 23

• The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted
  to
• a. reverse the forced assimilation of Native
  Americans into white society by establishing
  tribal self-government.
• b. encourage Native Americans to give up their
  land claims.
• c. reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.
• d. pressure Native Americans to renounce
  self-government.
• e. define clearly which tribes were federally
  recognized.

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Question 24

• Native Americans responded to the Indian
  Reorganization Act of 1934
• a. with some thrilled by its efforts to stop the
  loss of Indian lands.
• b. with many Indians rejecting its provisions to
  organize tribes and tribal governments.
• c. by denouncing it as a "back to the blanket"
  measure.
• d. All of these
• e. None of these

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BATTLING BANKERS AND BIG BUSINESS

• The Federal Securities Act (Truth in Securities
  Act) required promoters to transmit to the
  investor sworn information regarding the
  soundness of their stocks and bonds.
• The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was
  designed as a stock watchdog administrative
  agency, and stock markets henceforth were to
  operate more as trading marts than as casinos.
• In 1932, Chicagoan Samuel Insulls multi-billion
  dollar financial empire had crashed, and such
  cases as his resulted in the Public Utility
  Holding Company Act of 1935.

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Question 25

• The Federal Securities Act and the Securities
  Exchange Commission aimed to
• a. halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with
  borrowed funds).
• b. force stockbrokers to register with the
  federal government.
• c. prevent interlocking directorates and business
  pyramiding schemes.
• d. provide full disclosure of information and
  prevent insider trading and other fraudulent
  practices.
• e. enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete
  with the New York Stock Exchange.

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THE TVA HARNESSES THE TENNESSEE RIVER

• The sprawling electric-power industry attracted
  the fire of New Deal reformers.
• New Dealers accused it of gouging the public with
  excessive rates.
• Thus, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)
  sought to discover exactly how much money it took
  to produce electricity and then keep rates
  reasonable.
• It constructed dams on the Tennessee River and
  helped the 2.5 million extremely poor citizens of
  the area improve their lives andtheir
  conditions.
• Hydroelectric power of Tennessee would give rise
  to that of the West.

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Question 26

• The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority
  was seen as a particular threat to
• a. the entire capitalist system.
• b. the Republican party.
• c. the automobile industry.
• d. the private electrical utility industry.
• e. white southern racial practices.

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HOUSING REFORM AND SOCIAL SECURITY

• To speed recovery and better homes, FDR set up
  the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934
  to stimulate the building industry through small
  loans to householders.
• It was one of the alphabetical agencies to
  outlast the age of Roosevelt.
• Congress bolstered the program in 1937 by
  authorizing the U.S. Housing Authority (USHA),
  designed to lend money to states or communities
  for low-cost construction.
• This was the first time in American history that
  slum areas stopped growing.

52
HOUSING REFORM AND SOCIAL SECURITY

• The Social Security Act of 1935 was the greatest
  victory for NewDealers, since it created pension
  and insurance for the old-aged, theblind, the
  physically handicapped, delinquent children, and
  otherdependents by taxing employees and
  employers.
• Republicans attacked this bitterly, as such
  government-knows-bestprograms and policies that
  were communist leaning and penalized the rich for
  their success. They also opposed the pioneer
  spirit ofrugged individualism.

53
Question 27

• The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of
  the following except
• a. unemployment insurance.
• b. old-age pensions.
• c. economic provisions for the blind and
  disabled.
• d. support for the blind and physically
  handicapped.
• e. health care for the poor.

54
A NEW DEAL FOR LABOR

• Under the encouragement of a highly sympathetic
  National Labor Relations Board, unskilled
  laborers began to organize themselves into
  effective unions, one of which was John L. Lewis,
  the boss of the United Mine Workers who also
  succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial
  Organization (CIO) within the ranks of the AF of
  L in 1935.
• CIO wanted to organize all workers in an entire
  industry not just a plant
• The CIO later left the AF of L and won a victory
  against General Motors.

• A rash of walkouts occurred in the summer of
  1934, and after the NRA was axed, the Wagner Act
  (AKA, National Labor Relations Act) of1935 took
  its place. The Wagner Act guaranteed the right of
  unions to organize and to collectively bargain
  with management.

55
A NEW DEAL FOR LABOR

• The CIO also won a victory against the United
  States Steel Company, but smaller steel companies
  struck back, resulting in such incidences as the
  Memorial Day Massacre of 1937 at the plant of the
  Republic Steel Company of South Chicago in which
  police fired upon workers, leaving scores killed
  or injured.

56
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT

• In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act (AKA the
  Wages and Hours Bill) was passed, setting up
  minimum wage and maximum hours standards and
  forbidding children under the age of sixteen from
  working.
• Roosevelt enjoyed immense support from the labor
  unions.

• In 1938, the CIO broke completely with the A F of
  L and renamed itself the Congress of Industrial
  Organizations (the new CIO).

57
Question 28

• The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a
  trailblazing law that
• a. gave labor the right to bargain collectively.
• b. established the NRA.
• c. established the Social Security system.
• d. authorized the Public Works Administration
  (PWA).
• e .guaranteed housing loans to workers.

58
Question 29

• The primary interest of the Congress of
  Industrial Organizations was
• a. the effective enforcement of yellow dog
  contracts.
• b. the organization of trade unions.
• c. the maintenance of open shop industries.
• d. the organization of all workers within an
  industry.
• e. maintaining existing wage levels.

59
LANDON CHALLENGES THE CHAMP1936 PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION

• The Republicans nominated Kansas Governor Alfred
  M. Landon to run against FDR.
• Landon was weak on the radio and weaker in
  personal campaigning, and while he criticized
  FDRs spending, he also favored enough ofFDRs
  New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an
  unsure idiot.

60
LANDON CHALLENGES THE CHAMP 1936 PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION

• In 1934, the American Liberty League had been
  formed by conservative Democrats and wealthy
  Republicans to fight socialistic New Deal
  schemes.
• Roosevelt won in a huge landslide, getting 523
  electoral votes to Landons 8.
• FDR won primarily because he appealed to the
  forgotten man, whom he never forgot.

61
PACKING THE COURT

• The 20th Amendment had cut the lame-duck period
  down to six weeks, so FDR began his second term
  on January 20, 1937, instead of on March 4.
• He controlled Congress, but the Supreme Court
  kept blocking hisprograms, so he proposed a
  shocking plan that would add a member to the
  Supreme Court for every existing member over the
  age of 70, for a maximum possible total of 15
  total members.

• For once, Congress voted against him because it
  did not want to lose its power.
• Roosevelt was ripped for trying to become a
  dictator.

62
THE COURT CHANGES COURSE

• FDRs court-packing scheme failed, but he did
  get some of the justices to start to vote his
  way, including Owen J. Roberts, formerly regarded
  as a conservative.
• So, FDR did achieve his purpose of getting the
  Supreme Court to vote his way.
• However, his failure of the court-packing scheme
  also showed howAmericans still did not wish to
  tamper with the sacred justice system.

63
Question 30

• President Roosevelt's Court-packing scheme in
  1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme
  Court
• a. more conservative.
• b. more independent of Congress.
• c. more sympathetic to New Deal programs.
• d. less burdened with appellate cases.
• e. more respectful of the Constitution's original
  intent.

64
Question 31

• After Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt to pack
  the Supreme Court
• a. Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in
  the Court.
• b. the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.
• c. Congress permanently set the number of
  justices at nine.
• d. much New Deal legislation was ruled
  unconstitutional.
• e. the Court began to rule that New Deal programs
  were constitutional.

65
Question 32

• Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth
  Amendment ____ and the Twenty-first Amendment
  ____.
• a. shortened the time between presidential
  election and inauguration ended prohibition
• b. limited a president to two complete terms in
  office repealed the Eighteenth Amendment
• c. rendered most New Deal programs
  unconstitutional limited a president to two
  complete terms in office
• d. ended prohibition shortened the time between
  presidential election and inauguration
• e. expanded the size of the Supreme Court ended
  prohibition

66
TWILIGHT OF THE NEW DEAL

• In 1937, FDR announced a bold program to
  stimulate the economy by planned deficit
  spending.
• In 1939, Congress relented to FDRs pressure and
  passed the Reorganization Act, which gave him
  limited powers for administrativereforms,
  including the key new Executive Office in the
  White House.
• The Hatch Act of 1939 barred federal
  administrative officials,except the highest
  policy-making officers, from active
  politicalcampaigning and soliciting.

• During Roosevelts first term, the depression did
  not disappear, and unemployment, down from 25 in
  1932, was still at 15.
• In 1937, the economy took another brief downturn
  when the Roosevelt Recession, caused by
  government policies.
• Finally, FDR embraced the policies of British
  economist John Maynard Keynes.

67
Question 33

• As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession
• a. Roosevelt backed away from further economic
  experiments.
• b. Social Security taxes were reduced.
• c. Republicans gained control of the Senate in
  1938.
• d. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit
  spending) economics.
• e. much of the early New Deal was repealed.

68
NEW DEAL OR RAW DEAL?

• Foes of the New Deal condemned its waste, citing
  that nothing had been accomplished.
• Critics were shocked by the try anything
  attitude ofFDR, who had increased the federal
  debt from 19.487 million in 1932 to 40.440
  million in 1939.
• By 1938, the New Deal started to lose momentum
  and support
• It took World War II, though, to really lower
  unemployment. But, the war also created a heavier
  debt than before.

69
Question 34

• During the 1930s
• a. the Great Depression forced President
  Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal
  bureaucracy.
• b. the states regained influence over the
  economy.
• c. business people eventually came to admire
  President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.
• d. the New Deal substantially closed the gap
  between production and consumption in the
  American economy.
• e. the national debt doubled.

70
Question 35

• By 1938, the New Deal
• a. had lost most of its momentum.
• b. turned more toward direct relief than social
  reform.
• c. had plainly failed to achieve its objectives.
• d. had won over the majority of business people
  to its policies.
• e. was prepared to embark on ambitious new
  initiatives.

71
FDRS BALANCE SHEET

• New Dealers claimed that the New Deal had
  alleviated the worst of the Great Depression.
• FDR also deflected popular resent against
  business and may have saved the American system
  of free enterprise, yet business tycoons hated
  him.
• He provided bold reform without revolution.
• Later, he would guide the nation through a
  titanic war in which the democracy of the world
  would be at stake.

72
Question 36

• Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable
  for
• a. ending the Great Depression.
• b. providing moderate social reform without
  radical revolution or reactionary fascism.
• c. undermining state and local governments.
• d. aiding big cities at the expense of farmers.
• e. attacking the American capitalist system.