Imperialism

1
Imperialism
2
Imperialism

• Defined
• The control of a stronger or more powerful
  nation/country over a weaker region or country.
• The stronger country controls the political,
  social and economic life of the weaker region or
  nation.

3
Types of Imperialist Control

• Colony
• Direct and total control by the mother country.
• Britain held control of the American Colonies.

4
Types of Imperialist Control

• Protectorate
• Native ruler remains in place but foreign
  advisors controlling the government

5
Types of Imperialist Control

• Sphere of Influence
• The foreign nation has exclusive rights to
  develop, usually economic goods, in the nation.

6
Imperialism

• Imperialism the spawn of the Industrial
  Revolution
• The factory system needed natural resources
• Europe had coal and iron ore but items like
  cotton and rubber needed to be imported

7
Imperialism

• Wealthy industrial nations began colonizing
  regions with little regard to compensating the
  natives
• Resources sent back to Europe were made into
  finished products
• Finished products were then shipped back to the
  colonized nation and sold at a higher price
• Oh yah, the colonized nation had to buy the
  finished goods from the colonial power because
  the colonial power would not let the colonized
  nation trade with any other nations
• The colonial nation became rich while the
  colonized nation became poor
• Sounds like exploitation-like the factory owners
  who exploited the factory workers during the
  Industrial Revolution

8
Imperialism

• Soon every European nation began to colonize
  every part of the world
• France-Africa, Vietnam
• Britain-China, India, Africa
• Japan-China
• Belgium-Africa
• Germany-Africa, parts of China

9
Imperialism

• Results of Imperialism
• Colonies became exposed to European ideas
• Resources vital to many of these colonies were
  stripped from them and raw material became
  depleted in some areas
• Pollution became a global problem and was no
  longer limited to just industrialized nations
• Europe and the United States became the centers
  for manufactured goods

10
Industrial Revolution/Imperialism Connection

• Wealthy industrialized nations had better weapons
  
• Artillery
• Accurate rifles
• Gunboats
• Machine Guns
• This allowed Industrialized nations to overrun
  poorly armed native warriors

11
Causes of Imperialism

• Military Motives
• Bases for military and naval ships.
• Nations competed to gain control of an area
  before a rival could gain control.
• A nation with many colonies had power and
  security.
• A global empire.

12
Causes of Imperialism

• Military Motives
• Captain Alfred Mahan
• Argued that nations that controlled the seas
  prevailed or could rule the world.
• Book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

13
Industrial Revolution/Imperialism Connection

• Motives for colonizing
• The need for raw materials to keep the industrial
  Revolution going
• Timber
• Rubber
• Coal
• Iron ore
• chemicals

14
Exploitation

• Western leaders often struck deals with local
  businessmen or politicians for raw materials
• Often times these deals hurt the local economy
  and the people
• Money was exchanged between the western leaders
  and the businessmen and politicians and the local
  workers just became poor
• These countries became known as Banana Republics

15
Old Imperialism

• From 1500 to 1800.
• European nations develop colonies in Americas,
  India, Southeast Asia, Africa and China.
• European power in these areas was limited.
• European nations viewed colonies as more of a
  liability because of the cost to run the colony.

16
New Imperialism

• From 1870 to 1914.
• European nations had developed strong centralized
  governments.
• Strong sense of nationalism
• Most European nations, America and Japan had
  become industrialized and became aggressive in
  looking for natural resources.
• Need to fuel the factories with raw materials
• European nations focused on weakened empires in
  Asia, India, and Africa.
• Most were easy targets for the well developed
  militaries of European nations.

17
New Imperialism

• Results of Imperialism
• Prime Minister of Britain Benjamin Disraeli said
  imperialism was a call to greatness where a
  nation was to fulfill its destiny.
• There was widespread public support for
  imperialism in industrialized nations.
• Why?
• Social Darwinism
• The White Mans Burden

18
Causes of Imperialism

• Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism encouraged imperialism
• Most Europeans were very ethnocentric and viewed
  mostly non European cultures as barbarians or
  uncivilized.
• Survival of the fittest competition between
  nations.
• Social Darwinist argued it was natural for a
  stronger nation to ruler weaker nations because
  the dominant nation or races rose to the top
  because of the idea of survival of the fittest
• European nations saw themselves as superior and
  more fit to run other nations
• Britain was the most industrialized, and thus the
  most powerful and the most fit-Britain was
  superior to all other nations

19
Causes of Imperialism

• The White Mans Burden
• While Europeans felt they were superior to other
  nations they also felt they had a moral
  obligation to these weaker nations
• Europeans felt that they had to teach these
  nations how to be civilized-Even though most were
  already civilized
• In reality Europeans wanted to teach the world
  how to be European

20
Causes of Imperialism

• White Mans Burden
• Rudyard Kipling summoned up the moral obligation
  in his poem The White Mans Burden
• As Europeans imperialized the world to advance
  their own economic, military, and political
  needs, Kipling called these things burdens.

21
Causes of Imperialism

• Kipling said that it was the duty of European
  nations to
• Conquer these half-devil-half child nations
• Convert them to Christianity
• Make them as civilized as the rest of Europe
• Europeans knew what was best for the world-Being
  European

22
Imperialism

• Africa
• The Scramble for Africa

23
The Scramble for Africa

• The focus of most of Europes imperialist
  activities in the 19th century was Africa.
• The demand for raw materials, markets, and the
  prestige of having colonies drove imperialist
  Europe to Africa.

24
The Scramble for Africa

• Prior to the Industrial Revolution European
  interest in Africa was very limited
• Up until the 1880s only the coastlines of Africa
  had been colonized, exploited or even explored
• Gold, ivory and slaves had been taken from these
  colonies
• Europeans saw Africa and her ports as just
  stopping off points for merchant ships headed for
  India or China

25
Scramble for Africa

• Between 1807 and 1820 the slave trade ended in
  Africa.
• No new slaves were exported from Africa at this
  time
• Some former slaves returned to Africa-The country
  of Liberia was set up by former American slaves
• While slavery ended in Africa, within 50 year
  Europeans will colonize most of Africa and
  subject the Africans in their own homeland

26
External Reasons for Imperialism

• After the 1880s Europeans had technological
  superiority due to the Industrial Revolution
• Europeans fought with machine guns/Africans had
  spears and bows.
• Better maps
• Easier travel with the steam ship and railroads.
  Made travel on water or land faster and allowed
  for close contract with colonies.
• Medical treatment of malaria with the drug
  quinine.

27
Internal Reasons for Imperialism

• African nations lacked unity
• No common language
• Lack of common culture
• Wars between different groups
• Lack of technology

28
Egypt

• Between 1517 and 1882 the Ottomans ruled Egypt
• The Ottoman Empire was seen as weak and local
  rulers called beys controlled regions of Egypt
• In the early 1800s Napoleon attempted to gain
  control of Egypt-however in 1805 Muhammed Ali
  defeated both the French and the Ottomans and
  gained control of Egypt

29
Egypt

• During Alis rule Egypt began to Industrialize
• Egypt expanded its agricultural production
• Egypt began to increase its production of cotton
  and began selling the cotton to the British Empire

30
Egypt

• In 1869 the Egyptians worked with the French to
  create the Suez Canal
• The canal linked the Mediterranean Sea to the
  Indian Ocean which eliminated the need to travel
  around Africa for trade
• The canal drained the finances of Egypt and
  Egypts economy began to suffer

31
Egypt

• The canal was extremely important to the British
  who could now sail quicker to India
• The Egyptian Government in an effort to raise
  money began to sell stocks in the canal
• The British Government bought a majority of the
  stock and by 1882 controlled Suez Canal

32
Egypt

• Because the British now controlled the canal they
  politically moved into Egypt and made Egypt a
  protectorate
• The French were pushed out of Egypt and focused
  on areas of North Africa

33
The Scramble for Africa

• King Leopold of Belgium
• In the 1870s Leopold establishes a trade in the
  Congo River basin.
• Leopold forced Africans to work on rubber
  plantations
• Harsh taxation and forced labor leads the world
  to call for humanitarian changes in the Congo.

34
The Berlin Conference

• Rules for the Colonization of Africa
• In 1884 European powers trying to colonize Africa
  were coming into conflict.
• To avoid further conflict 14 European powers set
  up rules for colonizing Africa.
• No members of the African community were present.

35
The Berlin Conference

• In 1884 Otto von Bismarck hosted the Berlin
  Conference
• Bismarck wanted to settle disputes to colonial
  land differences in the African Congo
• By the end of the conference rules had been set
  up for colonizing

36
The Berlin Conference

• The agreement between the European powers
  specified
• European powers could acquire colonies in the
  following methods.
• Through occupation.
• Notifying other European states of the occupation
  and claim.
• Showing that the European power could control the
  area.

37
The Berlin Conference

• Results of the Conference
• In 1850 most of Africa had been free.
• By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free of
  European control.

38
Result of Colonization

• Europeans did not find a new market for goods in
  Africa
• Africans had little currency to buy goods.
• Instead Europeans found that Africa had a great
  deal of wealth and raw materials to supply the
  European nations

39
Result of Colonization

• Raw Materials
• Europeans developed cash-crop plantations
• Peanuts
• Palm oil
• Cocoa
• Rubber
• These plantations displaced food crops Africans
  needed to feed their families.
• Draw a cash crop economy

• Wealth
• Africa contain rich mineral resources
• The Belgian Congo
• Tin
• Copper
• South Africa
• Gold
• Diamonds

40
The British In Africa

• Britain was the most active and successful in
  colonization of Africa.
• Nigeria
• South Africa
• East Africa
• Egypt
• Sudan

41
British Problems in Africa

• South Africa
• Prior to British colonization of South Africa
  Dutch farmers called Boers settled in South
  Africa.
• In the early 1800s Britain acquired South Africa
  from the Dutch.
• The Boers or Afrikaners, Dutch farmers, moved
  north into South Africa to an area known as
  Transvaal.
• While in South Africa the Boers found gold in the
  region and the British tried to move in an take
  the territory from the Dutch

42
British Problems in Africa

• The Boers clashed with the British in the Boer
  War (1899-1902).
• The war pitted European nation against European
  nation.
• The war was known as a total war and both
  guerrilla warfare and commando tactics were used.

43
Problems in South Africa

• The British won the Boer War and took over all of
  South Africa
• The British ended up with the gold and diamond
  mines and used the natives to mine the wealth

44
British Problems in Africa

• The Zulus were strong African nation who clashed
  with the British.
• Superior British technology and weapons defeated
  the Zulu.
• This was a common result for those who resisted
  European Imperialism.

45
Problems in South Africa

• South Africa became an extensive colony of
  Britain
• The British set a British form of government
• By 1910 South Africa had its own constitution and
  became a commonwealth of the British Empire (The
  Union of South Africa)
• South Africa was given its own self rule

46
Problems in South Africa

• The new constitution only allowed white males to
  vote
• Native Africans had very few rights
• In 1912 educated Black Africans organized and
  formed the African National Congress (ANC) in a
  effort to gain rights for blacks
• The ANC would lead a strong nationalistic
  movement for freedoms for blacks in the 70s and
  80s.

47
Impact of Imperialism in Africa

• Positives
• Reduced local warfare
• Brought hospitals and schools to Africa.
• Increased life spans and literacy rates.
• Gained railroads, dams, and telephone lines
• Africa products were valued on the international
  market.

• Negatives
• Africans lost their land
• Lost of independence
• European powers were often placed in direct
  control of the colony
• Large amounts of the African population died of
  European diseases.
• Smallpox
• Loss of traditional culture
• Natives were forced to adopt European customs and
  cultures
• Forced labor

48
Impact of Imperialism in Africa

• Division of African nations by European
  boundaries
• The boundaries set up by Europeans in 1884 Berlin
  Conference were based on European wants and not
  on natives needs
• Tribal lands were cut in half while other rival
  nations were forced together by the new
  boundaries
• These European boundaries, which are still in
  place today, disrupted customs and cultures of
  Africans

49
Imperialism and China
50
China

• Africa was divided into Colonies and ruled
  directly by Europeans.
• China came under Imperialist control by using
  Spheres of Influence.
• Europeans used leases and concessions to gain
  control of China.

51
China

• In the 1790s China was not interested in western
  influence.
• China wanted to remain isolated and while China
  traded with other nations it had no interest in
  exploration
• China refused western technology.
• China was self-sufficient.
• Good agriculture
• Extensive mining and manufacturing
• Finely produced goods
• Porcelain, cottons, and silk

52
China

• The Chinese did allow the rest of the world
  (Europe) to trade in one port city (Canton)
• The Chinese had strict guidelines on what could
  be bought and sold in Canton
• Europeans powers (The British) saw China as a
  place of vast wealth (Raw materials and markets)
• Soon not only were British trade ships sailing
  into Canton harbor but also British warships
• The British were going to open up trade one way
  or another

53
The Opium Wars

• The British had to find something that the
  Chinese wanted.
• In 1773 the British stated importing opium from
  India.
• By 1836 Britain was making 16 million dollars off
  the sale of opium to China.
• The drug became so destructive that the Manchu
  Emperor forbid the sale of opium in 1838

54
Opium Wars

• When Britain refused China seized the opium in
  Canton in 1839
• The British became angry that the Chinese had
  taken their goods and both countries went to war

55
Opium Wars

• The wars lasted from 1839 to 1842.
• The British won easily because of their military
  and naval power.
• Britain forced China to harsh treaties.
• The treaties were seen as the unequal treaties
• The British were now given rights to trade
  anywhere in China
• And the right to create more opium addicts

56
Opium Wars

• Treaty of Nanjing
• Britain forced China to
• Pay for all war cost.
• Open all ports to British trade.
• Give Britain the island of Hong Kong.
• This gave Britain a colonial possession in China
• British citizens living in China lived under
  British law and not Chinese law.

57
Opium Wars

• The Chinese resented the British.
• The opium trade continued.
• Britain now had a sphere of influence in China.
• China also realized that its government was
  extremely weak
• Because of this there were a series of rebellions
  against the Chinese government
• The first rebellion was the White Lotus Rebellion
  led by Buddhist monks who were upset at high
  taxes and government corruption

58
The Taiping Rebellion

• By 1850 Chinas population had grown by 30
  however food production had dropped off.
• The people of China were starving.
• The Chinese Government had become corrupt.
• Many were upset at the lack of morals and the
  opium addiction in China.
• The population began to rebel against the ruling
  Qing Dynasty.

59
The Taiping Rebellion

• Hong Xiuguan
• Believed that his own personal vision of
  Christianity would save China.
• Believed if the people followed him all would
  share in Chinas wealth.
• Taiping Great Peace

60
The Taiping Rebellion

• Hongs army was made up of most peasants.
• By 1853 he controlled the city of Nanjing and
  later large areas of southern China.
• Finally in 1864 the French and British armies put
  down the rebellion.
• At least 20 million people were killed.
• Large amounts of farm land were destroyed.
• The rebellion weakened China and the Chinese
  government.

61
Government Reforms-Failures

• In the 1860s with the growing internal problems
  the Manchu Government attempted to bring the
  country together with the Self-Strengthening
  Movement
• This movement was a failure
• In 1876 Korea declared its independence from
  China
• In 1883 China lost Vietnam to the French in the
  Sino-French War
• In 1895 Japan forced China to sign the Treaty of
  Shimonoseki ending the Sino-Japanese War
• Japan gained control of Taiwan and had trading
  rights in China

62
Splitting up China

• By the late 1800s Britain, France, Russia, and
  Germany had cut up large spheres of influence in
  China
• These nations now had large military bases,
  businesses, governmental authority in the regions
  they controlled

63
American Intervention

• The U.S. was trading with China.
• The U.S. was worried that western powers would
  cut up China like Africa.
• If this happened there would be restrictions on
  trade.
• The U.S. started the Open Door Policy.
• China should be open to trading by all countries
  in the world.
• It kept China from being colonized and gave the
  U.S. rights to trade with China.

64
Boxer Rebellion

• Some Chinese became upset with foreign
  intervention in China.
• Poor Chinese resented special privileges given to
  foreigners.
• Many Chinese disliked Christian Chinese.
• Many felt that the ruling Empress Dowager needed
  to be removed from power

65
Boxer Rebellion

• A new group of Chinese who wanted nationalism
  called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious
  Fist or Boxers organized
• They were anti-European, anti-Manchu,
  anti-Christian

66
Boxer Rebellion

• The goal of the Boxers was to drive western
  powers and the Japanese out of China
• In 1900 in Perking Shouting Death to foreign
  devils Boxers began to attack foreigners.

67
Boxer Rebellion

• The Boxers began to kill westerners, Christians,
  and seized control of embassies

68
Boxer Rebellion

• The Boxer rebellion which began in the spring of
  1900 ended in August 1900 when a combined army of
  American, Japanese, Germans, Italians, and
  British put down the revolt.
• After this the Chinese government had to sign the
  Boxer Protocol which demanded that Europeans and
  Japan be paid the cost of putting down the
  rebellion

69
Chinas Needs

• While the Boxer rebellion was a failure it did
  spark nationalism in China.
• China needed to resist foreign intervention
• The Chinese government needed to protect the
  needs of Chinese and not foreign governments.
• By 1901 the Manchu government was on the verge of
  collapse
• Chinese culture also began to collapse
• In 1901 foot-bidding was abolished
• In 1905 the Chinese Exam System which had been
  effect for 2,000 years was done away with

70
Chinas Needs

• Sun Yixian a Chinese nationalist called for the
  replacement of the Qing dynasty
• Sun Yixian wanted three things.
• End to foreign domination
• A representative government
• Economic security for the Chinese people.
• In 1911 workers, peasants, students and warlords
  overthrew the monarchy and China became a
  republic.

71
How Imperialism in China and India Were Different

• India
• Britain had established India as a colony and had
  complete control of India
• The British were able to direct their laws,
  customs and beliefs onto the Indian people
• When India wants its independence the people
  directs their movement against the British

• China
• Britain controlled trade in China but after a
  time other countries also controlled trade in
  China
• China was able to maintain its government
  (Manchu) even thought it was corrupt
• When China wants its independence the people
  direct their movement against the Chinese
  government and not the foreign powers

72
Imperialism

• India

73
India

• Throughout history India had always been a
  trading post which traders and merchants could
  obtain
• Tea, sugar, silk, salt, jute (fiber used for
  ropes)
• It was a great source of raw materials
• India also had a large population and consumers
  who wanted manufactured products

74
The British in India

• In the 1600s the British East India Company sets
  up trading post in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
• The company was privately owned and was
  responsible to increase the profits to its
  stockholders.
• The company saw India as having a wealth of
  natural resources and a large market to sell
  goods.
• The British East India Company had exclusive
  trade rights in India

75
The British in India

• France still owned part of India and the 1750s
• During the French and Indian War (Seven Year War)
  Robert Clive an employee of the company helped
  drive the French out of India.
• These private British troops now ran India (Think
  of Kodak having an army)
• The British East India Co. now had exclusive
  rights to trade and all the natural resources
  they wanted.

76
The British in India

• By the mid 1800s century the Mughal Empire of
  India was in decline.
• The rulers of India could not control the
  British.
• By the 1850 Britain controlled 3/5 of India.

77
The British in India

• Britains empire extended around the world and
  with control over India the sun never set on the
  British Empire
• India was also known as the Jewel in the Crown
• India was seen as the most valuable of Britains
  colonies.

78
The British in India

• Raw Goods supplied by India.
• Plantation crops
• Tea
• Indigo
• Coffee
• Cotton
• Narcotics
• Opium

79
The British in India

• Opium Trade
• The British would ship opium from India to China.
• The opium would then be traded to the Chinese for
  tea.
• The tea would be sold in England.

80
The British in India

• The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the
  worlds workshop.
• India was the major supplier of raw materials for
  Britain.
• India also had 300 million people. A large
  market for British goods.

81
The British in India

• Results of Colonialism
• Britain only allowed India to produce raw goods
  and only buy British manufactured goods.
• Indian was not allowed to compete with British
  finished goods.
• Indian cloth makers all but went out of business.

82
The British in India

• Positives
• India gained a vast railway system
• Telephone, telegraph lines
• Bridges, dams, and canals
• Schools and colleges
• Ended local warfare

• Negatives
• British held most of the political and economic
  control of India.
• The British restricted industries from producing
  manufactured goods.
• Cash crops reduced farm production and increased
  starvation in India.
• British customs and religion threatened Indias
  customs.

83
The British in India

• The Sepoy Mutiny
• The British used Sepoys, Indian soldiers
  assigned to the British Army.
• The Sepoys were Hindu and Muslim
• Both the Hindu and Muslims of India felt that the
  British were trying to convert them to
  Christianity.

84
The British in India

• Muslim do not eat pork
• Hindu do not eat beef.
• The rumor was that the cartridges that the Sepoy
  had to use for their guns were covered by a beef
  and pork seal.
• The seal had to be bitten and the cartridge
  removed before it could be placed in the gun.
• The Sepoy refused to use the cartridge and the
  British jailed the soldiers.
• The Sepoy believed that the British covered the
  cartridges in pork and beef on purpose.

85
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86
The British in India

• The Sepoy rebelled against the British.
• The fighting between the British and the Sepoy
  lasted about a year.
• The British Army finally put down the mutiny.
• The British Army took control of India away from
  the East India Company.

87
The British in India

• The direct British rule of India was called the
  Raj and lasted from 1757 to 1947
• British soldiers and politicians held control
  over millions of Indians.
• Policy for India came directly from Britain.
• The mutiny caused distrust between the British
  and Indians.

88
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89
Results of the British Take Over

• India became the model colony not only for
  Britain but for the rest of the world
• The upper castes were forced to learn English and
  to respect English law
• Christianity was spread throughout India
• Urban centers grew in India and Indians were
  influenced by British government (Parliamentary)
• Education was brought to all the upper castes
• The British tried to end the untouchable caste

90
Results of the British Take Over

• The British take over resulted in the loss of
  Indian culture
• Indians were forced to accept British customs
  while trying to hold on to their own traditions
• In 1885 The Indian National Congress, made up of
  well educated Hindus, wanted to gain independence
  for India

91
Japan and the Meiji Restoration

• Japan becomes a National Power

92
Tokugawa Isolation

• Prior to the arrival of Matthew Perry of the U.S.
  in 1854 Japan had been isolated for 200 years.
• In 1500s Europeans had tried to trade with Japan
  however the Shoguns had gained control of Japan
  and banned contact with almost the entire outside
  world.

93
Japanese Isolation

• Japan had built an highly ethnocentric society
• Japanese were not allowed to travel outside the
  nation
• Foreigners were not allowed inside the nation
• By the 19th Century The U.S. and Europe were
  looking for markets were ever they could find
  them and they turned to Japan

94
Commodore Matthew Perry

• In 1854 Perry gave Japan a letter asking them to
  open trade with the U.S.
• Americans and Europeans wanted to not only open
  trade with Japan but also use Japanese ports to
  repair and resupply their ships.

95
Treaty of Kanagawa

• The Japanese shoguns were impressed by the
  American show of force.
• Japan agreed to open its ports and signed the
  Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.
• The Treaty gave trading rights to the U.S. and
  soon other countries like Britain, France and
  Russia also gained trading rights.

96
Treaty of Kanagawa

• The Treaty had a powerful impact on Japan.
• It weakened the power of the shogun who some
  Japanese felt had given in to foreigners.
• It showed that for for Japan to compete with the
  west that Japan had to modernize and
  industrialize.
• Nationalist in Japan did not like the
  intervention of the west
• These Japanese nationalist, with the help of the
  Samurai rebelled against and overthrew the
  Shogun, restored the emperor, and began to
  modernize and industrialize.

97
The Meiji Restoration

• In 1867 the samurai led the rebellion to remove
  the Tokugawa shogun from power.
• In 1868 the emperor was established as the leader
  of Japan.
• The period from 1868 to 1912 is known as the
  Meiji Restoration.
• By the 1870s Japan was building railroads,
  steamships
• In 1876 the samurai class had been abolished
• There was universal military service for all
  males
• Meiji means enlightened one

98
Modernization and Industrialization

• Once the Emperor was in place he began to make
  changes to Japan that would make Japan a world
  power.

99
Modernization and Industrialization

• Borrowing from the West
• The emperor sent advisors and government
  officials to western nations to study government,
  economics, technology, and customs.
• Foreign experts were also invited to Japan.

100
Modernization and Industrialization

• Economics
• The Meiji government used western methods and
  machinery to industrialize Japan.
• The government built factories and then sold them
  to wealthy Japanese businessmen, know as
  zaibatsu.
• The government developed a banking system.
• The government built ports and railroads
• By 1890 the economy was strong, the population
  had grown, and peasants moved to the cities
  looking for jobs.

101
Modernization and Industrialization

• Government
• The Meiji wanted a strong central government and
  used Germany as their model.
• The Meiji liked the strength of the Germanys
  constitution and that the government was run by
  only a few select men.
• The constitution gave the emperor
  autocratic(dictatorial) power. The emperor was
  not elected by the people.
• The constitution created a two house legislature
  (bicameral).
• Only one house was elected and voting was
  limited.

102
Modernization and Industrialization

• Military
• Samurai are no longer the only warriors in Japan.
• Japan admired the discipline of the German army
  and the skill of the British navy.
• All men must join the military
• Japan modernizes its navy
• Japan develops a strong army and navy and defeats
  European powers in warfare.

103
Modernization and Industrialization

• Social Reforms
• Positives
• Public education system
• Japan admired the the American system of
  education.
• Development of universities
• Negatives
• Still a class system
• Women seen as 2nd class citizens

104
Modernization

• By the 1890s Japan had become strong enough to
  reduce U.S. and western influence in their
  country
• Japan would fight a series of wars which would
  soon make them a world power

105
Japan as a Global Power

• By 1894 Japan had transformed itself into a major
  world power.
• Japan used its military strength to become
  imperialistic.
• Japan became imperialistic looking for colonies
  for raw materials and new markets.
• Japan found these colonies through warfare.

106
Japan as a Global Power

• Sino-Japanese War
• 1894-1895
• Japan tries to expand into Korea.
• China goes to war with Japan over Korea.
• Japan quickly wins the war
• Japan gets Taiwan, ports in China, and Korea
  becomes a protectorate of Japan.

107
Japan as a Global Power

• Russo-Japanese War
• 1904-1905
• Both Japan and Russia have interest in Korea.
• Russia refuses to recognize Japans rights to
  Korea.
• Japan launches a surprise attack against the
  Russians destroying the Russian navy and driving
  the Russian troops out of Korea.
• Russia is forced to withdraw from Korea
• Japan is seen as a major military power with the
  defeat of a European nation

108
Japan as a Global Power

• Dependence on a World Market
• Japans economy depended on trade. It needed new
  markets.
• Japan is an island and lack many of the natural
  resources to keep their industrialization alive.
• For Japan to compete with the world market Japan
  would have to continue to be imperialistic.

109
Japan as a Global Power

• Results of Imperialistic Japan
• Japan borrowed many western ideas to become a
  modern and industrialized nation.
• Japan quickly establishes itself as a strong
  military power.
• Japan needs to continue to colonize to keep raw
  materials coming in and finished products going
  out of the country.
• Japan is truly the only country that needs to
  colonize because they lack raw materials

110
Japans Industrial RevolutionvEuropes
Industrial Rev

• Japan
• Japans Ind. Rev only took about 30 years because
  they borrowed everything
• Private corporations-Wealthy class
• Urbanization
• Need for raw materials

• Europe
• Europes industrial Rev. a century because they
  had to invent everything
• Private Corporations-Wealthy class
• Urbanization
• Need for raw materials

111
American Imperialism

• After independence movements in Latin America
  most European powers were pushed out of the
  western Hemisphere
• In an effort to control the western Hemisphere
  President Monroe declared in 1823 that the
  western Hemisphere was off limits to European
  powers
• This was known as the Monroe Doctrine

112
American Imperialism

• The U.S. in 1823 was not in any position to keep
  European powers out of the western hemisphere
• Britain however wanted to keep the Spanish out of
  the Americans and the British, with their large
  navy agreed to back up the U.S.

113
American Imperialism

• European powers remained out of the western
  hemisphere but still invested in Latin American
  economies
• In 1904 European nations demanded Venezuela repay
  loans
• European powers sent warships to demand the
  payments

114
American Imperialism

• The U.S. was fearful of European intervention and
  colonization and President Roosevelt created the
  Roosevelt Corollary.

115
American Imperialism

• The Corollary stated
• The U.S. would resolve any financial disputes
  between European powers and countries in the
  western hemisphere
• The Corollary protected Latin American countries
  from aggressive Europeans
• Latin American nations however saw the U.S. as an
  aggressive power

116
American Imperialism

• The U.S. also exercised a form of imperialism in
  the western hemisphere
• The U.S. incited Panama to break free of Colombia
  
• Once Panama declared their independence the U.S.
  then negotiated the rights from Panama to build
  the Panama Canal

117
American Imperialism

• In 1898 Spain controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico
• Cuban nationalist wanted to drive the Spanish out
  and the U.S. sided with the nationalist
• This started the Spanish American War

118
American Imperialism

• The war lasted only months
• The U.S. navy quickly defeated the Spanish navy
  in both Cuba and the Philippines
• The U.S. gained control of former Spanish
  colonies
• Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico
• Cuba was given its independence in exchange Cuba
  would give the U.S. rights to two naval bases