?????? ???????? Radioactivity

1
??? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ????????

• ?????? ???????? Radioactivity
• ????? ????
  ?????
• ???? ?????? ???
  ????????

2
??????? Introduction

• ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
  ??????? ???? ??????? , ????? ????? ?? ???????
  ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ???????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??
  ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????
  ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????????
  ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??
  1896 ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??????
  ???????? ((radiaoactivity ????? ??? ?????? ??
  ???????- ???? ???????? ?? ???????? (?? ???????
  ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????).
• ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? Decay ( ?? ???????
  ( Disintegration ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????
  ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????.

3
?????? ???????? radioactive decay

• ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????
  ????? ??
• 1- ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????.
• 2- ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? Decay Modes
  ?? (???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?????????? Electron Capture (EC) )
• 3- ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? (???? ?????
  ??????? ??????? Internal Conversion(IC))
• 4- ???????? ???????? Spontaneous Fission (SF)
  ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????
  ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? 2-4 ?????????.
• 5- ?????? ??????? ?????????? Proton Emission
• 6- ?????? ??????? ??????????? Neutron Emission

4
????? ??????? ???????
Types and Sources of Radiation
????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? Ionizing
Radiation 1- ?????? ??????? Non Ionizing
Radiation 2-?????? ??? ???????

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
1 -??????? ??????? Natural Radiation
2 - ??????? ??????? Artificial Radiation
5
????? ?????? ???? ???????Classification of
Radiation According to its Origin
6
????? ?????? ????????The Radioactivity Series
?????? ????????238U ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????
7
?????? ????????235U ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????
8
?????? ????????232Th ???????? ?????? ???? ?????
9
????? ??????????The Neptunium Series 237Np

• ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???
  ?????? ???? ?? 237Np ???? ??? ????? ??
  2.2106???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
  ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 209Bi???? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
  ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? 209Bi ?????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

10
References
1. Ervin B. P., Radiation Physics for Medical
Physicists, 2nd Edition , Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, (2010).
2. Syed, N. A., Physics and Engineering of
Radiation Detection, 1st edition, Academic
Press, Elsevier, Britain, (2007).
3. Roger C. (1995), Living with radiation,
National Radiological Protection Board ( NRPB )
Book ,fifth edition p. 12.
4. Gordon R. G., Practical Gamma-ray
Spectrometry, 2nd Edition, John Wiley Sons,
Britain, (2008).
5. IAEA, International Atomic Energy
Agency,(2003),Guidelines for radioelement mapping
using gamma ray spectrometry data P. 8-9-10.
11
Thank you for attention