Fluency

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Fluency
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Survey of Knowledge

• Instructional level
• Prosody
• Rate
• Reading level
• WRC

• Accuracy
• Automaticity
• Fluency
• Grade-level texts
• Independent level
• Frustration level

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Fluency

• Fluency reading quickly, accurately, and
• with expression

• combines rate and accuracy
• requires automaticity
• includes reading with prosody

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Effective Reading Instruction
Fluency is vital to comprehension.
Fluency is a critical bridge and has a
domino-like effect on the development of reading
skills.
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Kentucky State Standards

• Kentucky
• Program of Studies
• How is fluency addressed?

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Proficient Readers

• Proficient readers recognize the vast majority
  of words in text quickly, allowing them to focus
  on the meaning of the text.
• Since approximately 300 words account for 65 of
  words in texts, rapid recognition of these words
  during the primary grades form the foundation of
  fluent reading.

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Fluency Instruction
Fluency instruction begins when students can read
connected text with 90 or better accuracy
(usually by the middle of first grade).
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Measuring Students Fluency

• One-Minute Reading

Total Number of Words Read
-
Number of Errors
Words Read Correctly Per Minute (WRC)
Always encourage students to do their best
reading.
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Setting Fluency Goals

• Establishing baseline fluency scores helps
  determine students fluency goals.

Recommended weekly improvement 1.5 to 2.0 WRC
Given that Michael reads at 42 WRC and there are
33 weeks remaining

• Determine the number of words Michael needs to
  improve each week to reach an end-of-year goal of
  91WRC
• Set a goal for Michael to reach by the middle of
  the year

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Procedures for Assessing Fluency
Having students read three unfamiliar,
instructional-level passages and recording and
graphing the median words read correctly (WRC) is
more reliable than using a fluency score based on
one passage.
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Practice
8 14 21 29 36 43 45 51 58 66 74 84 92 98 106 112 1
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3rd Year Primary Snapshot Michael

• Hi! Im Little Bill. This is a story about a
  boat that 12
• I made all by myself. I named it The Moby
  Dick. 23
• One Saturday morning, I woke up and saw that it
  was 34
• bright and sunny outside. Hurray! I could go
  with 43
• my brother to the park and sail my new boat. 53

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3rd year Primary Snapshot Michael

• Hi! Im Little Bill. This is a story about a
  boat that 12
• I made all by myself. I named it The Moby
  Dick. 23
• One Saturday morning, I woke up and saw that it
  was 34
• bright and sunny outside. Hurray! I could go
  with 43
• my brother to the park and sail my new boat. 53

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By the End of Primary

• Fluency refers to the ability to identify words
  rapidly so that attention is directed to the
  meaning of the text.
• About 90 of 3rd grade level text is made up of
  5,000 words.
• Fluency is highly correlated to reading
  comprehension. The correlation is .82.

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High Frequency Words and Fluency

• Accomplishments
• P1-K Recognize some very common sight words
• P2-1 Reads aloud with accuracy
• Recognizes common, irregularly spelled
  sight
• words
• P3-2 Reads and comprehends grade level fiction
• non-fiction
• P4-3 Reads and comprehends grade level fiction
• non-fiction

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Students Fluency Progression

• How do we know that students are progressing as
  fluent readers?
• How do we measure students fluency rates?
• What norms have been established to gauge
  student progress towards mastery?

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A Closer Look at Reading Levels

• To determine a students reading level for a
  specific text, calculate

Correct number of words read
Total number of words read

Percent accuracy

Ex 48 50 (.96) 96 (Independent level)
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What We Know from Research

• Repeated and monitored oral reading improves
  fluency
• Repeated reading can benefit most students
  throughout elementary school, as well as
  struggling readers at higher grade levels

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Repeated Reading
Pair students to practice rereading text
Partner Reading
Students listen, read along, or record their own
reading, point to text, sub-vocalize words, and
reread texts independently
Computer-Based/ Tape-Assisted Reading
Small groups rehearse and read a play
Readers Theatre


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Partner Reading

• involves pairing students to practice rereading
  text
• increases the amount of time students are reading
  and provides a model of fluent reading

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An Example of Partner Reading

• Pair up
• Select one of the narrative childrens books you
  brought to the academy
• Decide who will be Partner A and who will be
  Partner BPartner A will read first

• Partner A Ask Partner B the after-reading
  comprehension questions
• Use at least two of the highlighted prompts from
  the handout Providing Instructional Feedback

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Repeated-Reading Practices
Computer-Based/Tape-Assisted Reading

• Model the proper phrasing and speed of fluent
  reading
• Involves small groups of students rehearsing and
  reading a play

Readers Theatre
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More Fluency-Building Practices
Choral reading

• actively involves students as they read in unison

Chunking

• involves reading phrases, clauses, andsentences
  by parsing, or dividing text into chunks

Model

• Orally read passage, then have student
  participate in echo reading or reread passages.

Technology

• Use tape-assisted reading simultaneously with
  reading aloud

Repeated Readings

• Practice reading phrases that include high
  frequency words or words targeted as sight
  vocabulary. (Mercer, 2002)

Home Reading

• Provide reading practice with familiar texts
  through nightly reading plans. (CIERA, 1998)

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Consider Diversity Limited English Proficient
Students
Fluency practice for Limited English Proficient
students involves

• Listening to models
• Repeated readings
• Choral reading
• Partner reading

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Students with Special Needs
Students with disabilities usually benefit from

• Repeated reading practice, especially in
  expository or informational texts
• More time on task
• Paired reading and rereading
• Additional feedback and progress monitoring

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Remember . . .
Fluency is increased when students

• Develop instant, efficient word recognition
  (automaticity)
• Practice repeated reading of texts
• Receive feedback and guidance from others