Ch 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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Ch 40Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
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• I. Organization of the Human Body
• A. Organization of the Cell
• 1. Atom
• 2. Molecule
• 3. Organelle
• B. Organization of the Human Body
• 4. cell
• 5. tissue
• 6. organ
• 7. organ system
• 8. organism

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• C. Organization in the Environment
• 9. population
• 10. community
• 11. ecosystem
• 12. biome
• 13. biosphere

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• II. Tissues
• A. Epithelial
• 1. Sheet-like tissue with a free surface
• facing outside or body fluids
• 2. tissues that cover interior and
• exterior body surfaces (body
• cavities, ducts, and tubes)

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• 3. Types of Epithelial Tissue
• a. stratified columnar epithelium
• b. simple columnar epithelium
• c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  epithelium
• d. stratified squamous epithelia
• e. simple squamous epithelia
• f. cuboidal epithelia

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• 4. Held together by tight junctions

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• B. Connective
• 1. Provides support for the body and connects
  its parts
• 2. Types
• a. loose connective tissue
• b. cartilage
• c. fibrous connective tissue
• d. bone tissue
• e. adipose tissue
• f. blood

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• C. Nervous
• 1. Transmits nerve impulses
• throughout the body
• 2. Neurons
• a. excitable cells that form
• communication lines

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• D. Muscle
• 1. Enables the body to move
• 2. Types
• a. Skeletal muscle
• b. Smooth muscle
• c. Cardiac muscle

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• III. Tissue and Organ Formation
• A. Differentiation
• B. Ectoderm
• 1. Skins outer layer and nervous
• system
• C. Mesoderm
• 1. Muscles, bones, most of
• circulatory, reproductive, and
• urinary systems
• D. Endoderm
• 1. Lining of digestive tract and related
• organs

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• III. Human Organ Systems
• A. Nervous System
• 1. recognizes and
• coordinates the
• bodys responses to
• changes in its internal
• and external
• environment

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• B. Integumentary System
• 1. Serves as a barrier
• against infection and
• injury
• 2. Helps to regulate
• body temperature
• 3. Provides protection
• against UV radiation
• from the sun

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• C. Skeletal System
• 1. Supports the body
• 2. Protects internal
• organs
• 3. Allows movement
• 4. Stores mineral reserves
• 5. Provides a site for
• blood cell formation

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• D. Muscular System
• 1. Works with skeletal
• system to produce
• voluntary movement
• 2. Helps to circulate
• blood and move food
• through the digestive
• system

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• E. Circulatory System
• 1. Brings oxygen,
• nutrients, and
• hormones to cells
• 2. Fights infection
• 3. Removes cell wastes
• 4. Helps to regulate
• body temperature

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• F. Respiratory System
• 1. Provides oxygen
• needed for cellular
• respiration
• 2. Removes excess
• CO2 from the body

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• G. Digestive System
• 1. Converts foods into
• simpler molecules
• that can be used by
• the cells of the body
• 2. Absorbs food
• 3. Eliminates waste

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• H. Excretory System
• 1. Eliminates waste
• products from the
• body in ways that
• maintain homeostasis

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• I. Endocrine System
• 1. Controls growth,
• development and
• metabolism
• 2. Maintains
• homeostasis

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• J. Reproductive System
• 1. Produces reproductive cells
• 2. In females,
• nurtures and
• protects
• developing
• embryo

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• K. Lymphatic/Immune System
• 1. Helps protect the body
• from disease
• 2. Collects fluid lost
• from blood vessels
• and returns the fluid to
• the circulatory system

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• Maintaining Homeostasis
• A. stable internal conditions
• B. Bioenergetic Strategies
• 1. endothermic
• 2. ectothermic
• C. Regulating and Conforming
• 1. regulator
• 2. conformer

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D. Mechanisms of Homeostasis 1. Negative
Feedback a. a change in a physiological
variable that is being monitored triggers a
response that counteracts the initial
fluctuation
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Examples of Negative Feedback
Thermostat senses temperature change and switches
off heating system
Room temperature decreases
Room temperature increases
Thermostat senses temperature change and switches
on heating system
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2. Positive Feedback a. a change in some
variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the
change b. during childbirth pressure from
babys head on receptors near uterine opening
causing contractions increasing pressure
increasing contractions
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• E. Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis
  and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior
• Describe at least eight ways that organisms
  maintain thermoregulation

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• END