Title: A TWELFTH CENTURY HOSPITAL
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2A TWELFTH CENTURY HOSPITAL AT POLONNARUVA AND
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL EQUIPMENT FOUND THEREIN
(Part 2).
P.N.PREMATILLEKE and A.P.R.ALUWIHARE
3Surgery
- Indian Subcontinent from before the onset of the
Christian Era -Susrutha - Surgery is known to have existed as a science in
Greek times - Surgical type instruments in-
- Taxila, instruments from Sirkat.
- Models on Arab instruments are on display in
Kuwait - Roman Empire surgery -instruments were found in
Pompeii, In Britain are examples on Roman era
instruments - Surgery was known in China, Eqypt
4 Surgery is one of the main branch of Ayurveda.
Susrut is called as Father of Surgery, his famous
treatise Susrut Samhita is an ancient
authoritative book on Surgery. There are many
significant features of Ayurvedic Surgery one of
them is Anushastra karma i.e. minimal invasive
para-surgical measure. The Kshara karma is one
of the Anushastra karma.
5Susrutha (approx 2000 yrs ago)
- -Kshara Suthra thread and fistula
- -training
- -short finger nails and hair
- -research-
- -practice first on fruit
- -invisible organisms that spread infection
- -Forehead rhinoplasty
6Records (1)
7Records (2)
8KSHARA SUTHRA
9SriLanka-less known
Practice on lotus leaves! (Susrutha, Mango/Pears
10Surgery- Sri Lanka
- Kings Buddhadasa and Parakramabahu?
- Descriptions like in India- ? Copied or real
- Accounts in Chulawamsa and other texts
- Accounts by Budddhagosa
- FINDING INSTRUMENTS VALIDATES TRUTH OF TEXTS AND
THAT OPERATIONS WERE DONE
11 ?Hs
12Grinders
13BETEL! Betel and tobacco leaf, Calcium
Hydroxide, Areconut
14SPOON
15Weighing machines- Scales
16Probes/Applicators
17Susrutha/Hindus
18Hindu instruments
19Taxila
20Roman
21Forceps- long handle
22Forceps- short jaw
23Scissors- thick, metal handles
24Scissors-wooden handle
25Lance- wooden handle
26Scalpel- wooden handle
27Some references
- Aluwihare A.P.R.(1983- 2001) Personal
observations in Kuwait, Edinburgh, St Albans,
Taxila, Sirkat and Mohendajaro, Cairo, Naples
and Pompeii, Xian,Lyon -
- Cassar, P.,(1974) Surgical instruments on a tomb
slab in Roman Malta Med Hist. 18 89-93 -
- Gazzaniga V, Serarcangeli C (1999)Surgical Roman
instruments in the Museum of History of Medicine
of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" Med
Secoli.11217-29 -
- Hamarneh,SK., Awad, HA.,( 1977)Early surgical
instruments excavated in Old Cairo, Egypt.
Int Surg. 62 520-4 -
- Marshall, John H (1960) A Guide to Taxila
Department of Archaeology, Pakistan University
Press Cambridge -
- Mukhopadhaya G (1914) The Surgical Instruments of
the Hindus with a Comparative Study of the Greek,
Roman , Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons
Volumes I and II University Press Calcutta -
- Naqvi NH (2003) Surgical instruments in the
Taxila Museum Med Hist. 4789-98 -
- Prakash. UB., (1978) Shushruta of ancient India
Surg Gynecol Obstet. 146 263-72 -
- Premathilleke, L. Aluwihare, A.P.R.(1990)
Ancient hospitals of Sri Lanka, Built environment
and surgical systems Ancient Ceylon 10
281-289. -
- Prematilleke L., Aluwihare A.P.R. (1995)
Ancient Hospital Systems of Sri Lanka 767- 781
Colour Plates Dr.M.S.Nagaraja Rao Festschrift
Bangalore
28Why decline?-Lessons for today
- War
- Disease
- Shift of Capitals
- Narrow mindedness of medical personnel-not
participating in national affairs - Infighting amongst medical professionals
29Thank you
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