Sentence Combining

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Sentence Combining

• English 68
• Professor Jean Garrett

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Sentence Combining

• Compound Sentences

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Coordinating Conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions join two or more
  complete sentences into one, longer compound
  sentence.
• They join two complete thoughts, and they must be
  used with a comma.
• Look at the previous sentence.
• See how a comma comes before the conjunction?
  That's how they are used.
• Remember the coordinating conjunctions with the
  expression fanboys.

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Coordinating Conjunctions

• , for a reason
• , and equal idea or time order
• , nor negative choice or alternative
• , but contrast
• , or choice
• , yet contrast
• , so a result

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Combining Sentences Using Coordinating
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence consists of two or more
  independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
• (Remember, an independent clause is a group
  of words with a subject and a verb that also
  expresses a complete thought.)
• subj. verb
• Example Mary hit the ball. independent
  clause
• She ran to first base.
  independent clause
• subj. verb
  
  

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Combining Sentences Using Coordinating
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence consists of two or more
  independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
• Method 1 Two independent clauses can be
  joined together with a comma and a coordinating
  conjunction (FANBOYS) to create a compound
  sentence.
• independent clause
• 
  subj. verb
• Example Mary hit the ball, and she ran to first
  base.
• subj. verb
• 
  independent clause

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Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs)

• Adverbial conjunctions join two or more complete
  sentences into one, longer sentence.
• They join two complete thoughts however, they
  must be used with a semicolon and a comma.
• Look at the previous sentence.
• See how a comma semicolon comes before the
  adverbial conjunction and the comma comes after
  it? That's how they are used.
• Remember the adverbial conjunctions with the
  expression hotshotcat.

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Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs)

• however, contrast
• otherwise, conditional
• therefore, reason or result
• similarly, to compare
• hence, for a reason
• on the other hand, contrast
• then addition or reason
• consequently, reason or result
• also, in addition
• thus reason or result

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Combining Sentences Using Adverbial
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence consists of two or more
  independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
• Method 2 Two independent clauses can be
  joined together with a semicolon, a comma and an
  adverbial conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT) to create a
  compound sentence.
• independent clause
• 
  subj. verb
• Example Mary hit the ball hence, she ran to
  first base.
• subj. verb
• 
  independent
  clause

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Combining Sentences Using a Semicolon to Create
Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence consists of two or more
  independent clauses with no dependent clauses.
• Method 3 Two independent clauses can be
  joined together with a semicolon to create a
  compound sentence.
• independent clause
• 
  subj. verb
• Example Mary hit the ball she ran to first
  base.
• subj. verb
• 
  independent
  clause

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Sentence Combining

• Complex Sentences

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Subordinating Conjunctions

• Subordinating conjunctions join together two
  independent thoughts but show a relationship
  between them by making one of the independent
  thoughts subordinate.
• When complex sentences are created, they make one
  thought dependent on another independent thought.
  
• Look at the previous sentence.
• See how a comma comes after the subordinating
  clause? That's how they are used.
• Remember the subordinating conjunctions with the
  expression batwashtub.

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Subordinating Conjunctions

• Because as a result
• After time order
• Though contrast
• When/while time order
• Although contrast
• Since as a result
• How relative pronoun
• That relative pronoun
• Until time order
• Before time order

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Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions can be used in four
ways to create complex sentences.

• beginning with a subordinating clause
• ending with a subordinating clause
• using an essential relative clause
• using a nonessential relative clause

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Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence consists of one
  independent clause and one or more dependent
  clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
• Method 1 Subordinating dependent clauses
  can be used to begin complex sentences.
• dependent clause subj.
  verb
• Example After Mary hit the ball, she ran to
  first base.
• subj. verb
  independent clause
• (Notice that a comma follows the dependent
  clause.)

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Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence consists of one
  independent clause and one or more dependent
  clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
• Method 2 Subordinating dependent clauses
  can be used to end complex sentences.
• independent clause
  subj. verb
• Example Mary ran to first base after she hit
  the ball.
• subj. verb
  dependent clause
• (No comma is necessary.)

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Combining Sentences Using Relative Clauses to
Create Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence consists of one
  independent clause and one or more dependent
  clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
• Method 3 A relative clause begins with a
  relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An
  essential relative clause can be used to create
  complex sentences.
• subj. verb
  dependent clause
• Mary was the player who hit the ball and ran to
  first base.
• independent clause subj. verb
  verb
• (Note If the relative clause is essential
  to the meaning of the sentence, no commas are
  needed.)

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Combining Sentences Using Relative Clauses to
Create Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence consists of one
  independent clause and one or more dependent
  clauses which combine ideas of unequal value.
• Method 4 A relative clause begins with a
  relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An
  nonessential relative clause can be used to
  create complex sentences.
• subj. dependent
  clause . verb
• Example John, who hit the ball, ran to first
  base.
• independent clause subj. verb
  independent clause
• (Note If the relative clause is not
  essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is
  set off with commas .)

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Sentence Combining

• Compound-Complex Sentences

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Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences

• A compound-complex sentence consists of two
  or more independent clauses and one or more
  dependent clauses.
• Method 1 A compound-complex sentence
  usually begins with a dependent clause followed
  by two independent clauses.
• dependent clause
  subj. verb
• Example After Mary hit the ball, she ran to
  first base,
• subj. verb
  independent clause
• independent
  clause
• and she finally stopped at second
  base.
• subj. Verb
• (Note A comma is place after the dependent
  clause and before the coordinating conjunction
  between the two independent clauses.)

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Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences

• A compound-complex sentence consists of two
  or more independent clauses and one or more
  dependent clauses.
• Method 2 A compound-complex sentence can
  begin with two independent clauses followed with
  a dependent clause.
• independent clause
  subj. verb
• Example Mary hit the ball, and she ran to
  first base
• subj. verb
  independent clause
• dependent
  clause
• before she finally stopped at second
  base.
• subj. verb
• (Note A comma is placed before the
  coordinating conjunction between the two
  independent clauses.)

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Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences

• A compound-complex sentence consists of two
  or more independent clauses and one or more
  dependent clauses.
• Method 3 A compound-complex sentence can
  consist of two independent clauses and a
  relative dependent clause.
• 
  subj. verb independent
  clause
• Example Mary, who hit the ball, ran to first
  base, but
• subj.
  relative clause verb
• independent
  clause
• she finally stopped at second base.
• subj. verb
• (Note Commas set off the relative clause
  because it is nonessential, and comma is placed
  before the coordinating conjunction between the
  two independent clauses.)

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• Goodbye!!