Title: Sentence Combining
1Sentence Combining
- English 68
- Professor Jean Garrett
2Sentence Combining
3Coordinating Conjunctions
- Coordinating conjunctions join two or more
complete sentences into one, longer compound
sentence. - They join two complete thoughts, and they must be
used with a comma. - Look at the previous sentence.
- See how a comma comes before the conjunction?
That's how they are used. - Remember the coordinating conjunctions with the
expression fanboys.
4Coordinating Conjunctions
- , for a reason
- , and equal idea or time order
- , nor negative choice or alternative
- , but contrast
- , or choice
- , yet contrast
- , so a result
5Combining Sentences Using Coordinating
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
- A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses with no dependent clauses. - (Remember, an independent clause is a group
of words with a subject and a verb that also
expresses a complete thought.) - subj. verb
- Example Mary hit the ball. independent
clause - She ran to first base.
independent clause - subj. verb
6Combining Sentences Using Coordinating
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
- A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses with no dependent clauses. - Method 1 Two independent clauses can be
joined together with a comma and a coordinating
conjunction (FANBOYS) to create a compound
sentence. -
- independent clause
-
subj. verb - Example Mary hit the ball, and she ran to first
base. - subj. verb
-
independent clause
7Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs)
- Adverbial conjunctions join two or more complete
sentences into one, longer sentence. - They join two complete thoughts however, they
must be used with a semicolon and a comma. - Look at the previous sentence.
- See how a comma semicolon comes before the
adverbial conjunction and the comma comes after
it? That's how they are used. - Remember the adverbial conjunctions with the
expression hotshotcat.
8Adverbial Conjunctions(Conjunctive Adverbs)
- however, contrast
- otherwise, conditional
- therefore, reason or result
- similarly, to compare
- hence, for a reason
- on the other hand, contrast
- then addition or reason
- consequently, reason or result
- also, in addition
- thus reason or result
9Combining Sentences Using Adverbial
Conjunctions to Create Compound Sentences
- A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses with no dependent clauses. - Method 2 Two independent clauses can be
joined together with a semicolon, a comma and an
adverbial conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT) to create a
compound sentence. -
- independent clause
-
subj. verb - Example Mary hit the ball hence, she ran to
first base. - subj. verb
-
independent
clause
10Combining Sentences Using a Semicolon to Create
Compound Sentences
- A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses with no dependent clauses. - Method 3 Two independent clauses can be
joined together with a semicolon to create a
compound sentence. -
- independent clause
-
subj. verb - Example Mary hit the ball she ran to first
base. - subj. verb
-
independent
clause
11Sentence Combining
12Subordinating Conjunctions
- Subordinating conjunctions join together two
independent thoughts but show a relationship
between them by making one of the independent
thoughts subordinate. - When complex sentences are created, they make one
thought dependent on another independent thought.
- Look at the previous sentence.
- See how a comma comes after the subordinating
clause? That's how they are used. - Remember the subordinating conjunctions with the
expression batwashtub.
13Subordinating Conjunctions
- Because as a result
- After time order
- Though contrast
- When/while time order
- Although contrast
- Since as a result
- How relative pronoun
- That relative pronoun
- Until time order
- Before time order
14Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions can be used in four
ways to create complex sentences.
- beginning with a subordinating clause
- ending with a subordinating clause
- using an essential relative clause
- using a nonessential relative clause
15Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
- A complex sentence consists of one
independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. - Method 1 Subordinating dependent clauses
can be used to begin complex sentences. - dependent clause subj.
verb - Example After Mary hit the ball, she ran to
first base. - subj. verb
independent clause - (Notice that a comma follows the dependent
clause.)
16Combining Sentences Using Subordinating
Conjunctions to Create Complex Sentences
- A complex sentence consists of one
independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. - Method 2 Subordinating dependent clauses
can be used to end complex sentences. - independent clause
subj. verb - Example Mary ran to first base after she hit
the ball. - subj. verb
dependent clause - (No comma is necessary.)
17Combining Sentences Using Relative Clauses to
Create Complex Sentences
- A complex sentence consists of one
independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. - Method 3 A relative clause begins with a
relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An
essential relative clause can be used to create
complex sentences. - subj. verb
dependent clause - Mary was the player who hit the ball and ran to
first base. - independent clause subj. verb
verb - (Note If the relative clause is essential
to the meaning of the sentence, no commas are
needed.)
18Combining Sentences Using Relative Clauses to
Create Complex Sentences
- A complex sentence consists of one
independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses which combine ideas of unequal value. - Method 4 A relative clause begins with a
relative pronoun such as who, that or which. An
nonessential relative clause can be used to
create complex sentences. - subj. dependent
clause . verb - Example John, who hit the ball, ran to first
base. - independent clause subj. verb
independent clause - (Note If the relative clause is not
essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is
set off with commas .)
19Sentence Combining
- Compound-Complex Sentences
20Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences
- A compound-complex sentence consists of two
or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses. - Method 1 A compound-complex sentence
usually begins with a dependent clause followed
by two independent clauses. - dependent clause
subj. verb - Example After Mary hit the ball, she ran to
first base, - subj. verb
independent clause - independent
clause - and she finally stopped at second
base. - subj. Verb
- (Note A comma is place after the dependent
clause and before the coordinating conjunction
between the two independent clauses.)
21Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences
- A compound-complex sentence consists of two
or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses. - Method 2 A compound-complex sentence can
begin with two independent clauses followed with
a dependent clause. - independent clause
subj. verb - Example Mary hit the ball, and she ran to
first base - subj. verb
independent clause - dependent
clause - before she finally stopped at second
base. - subj. verb
- (Note A comma is placed before the
coordinating conjunction between the two
independent clauses.)
22Combining Sentences Using Coordinating,
Subordinating Adverbial Conjunctions to Create
Compound-Complex Sentences
- A compound-complex sentence consists of two
or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses. - Method 3 A compound-complex sentence can
consist of two independent clauses and a
relative dependent clause. -
subj. verb independent
clause - Example Mary, who hit the ball, ran to first
base, but - subj.
relative clause verb - independent
clause - she finally stopped at second base.
- subj. verb
- (Note Commas set off the relative clause
because it is nonessential, and comma is placed
before the coordinating conjunction between the
two independent clauses.)
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