Movies

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Movies
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Thomas Edison
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The Creation of Motion Pictures

• A weird and wonderful tale of unrelated things
  coming together

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Thats gun cotton

• Soak cotton in nitric and sulfuric acid
• Let dry
• Wash in water
• Let dry
• Light it and get

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Itll make sense later
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Franz Uchatius
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Projector - 1853
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Ludwig Doebler
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Aristotle
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Pinhole camera
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Ibn Al-Hathem (Alhazen)
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Joseph Nièpce
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Worlds first photograph
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Louis Daguerre
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Daguerrotype of Lincoln
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William Henry Fox Talbot
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Photograph of Lincoln
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Ludwig Doebler (again)
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Uchatius projector
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Eadweard Muybridge
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The Horse Bet - 1872
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Muybridges disk
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The Zoopraxiscope - 1879
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John Wesley Hyatt - 1863
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Why is Hyatt important?
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• Hyatt, a printer, combined camphor, alcohol and
  gun cotton, compressed it into billiard balls
• The material was called celluloid
• Great stuff, except

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• They had an unfortunate tendency to explode
  after all, they were made of gun cotton.

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Hannibal Goodwin

• Took the celluloid invented by Hyatt and turned
  it into sheets

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George Eastman

• Took Goodwins celluloid sheets and turned them
  into strips
• These strips are called film

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Etienne Jules Marey

• Added sprocket holes to the edge of film in order
  to pull it through the projector
• The first movie projector using strips of
  pictures instead of disks

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Thomas Alva Edison
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Edison put together all the parts

• Parts and ideas he got from others
• Uchatiuss idea of passing pictures rapidly in
  front of a light and through a lens, creating the
  appearance of moving pictures, which was taken by
  Doebler as stage show, attracting the attention
  of Muybridge, who told Edison about it
• Hyatts celluloid, turned into sheets by Goodwin,
  and then into strips as film by Eastman
• Mareys sprocket holes on the edge of the film

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• Edisons parts
• The light bulb for a light source
• Marketing the whole idea, selling his

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Edisons Kinetoscope 1894
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• Movies were short films of regular life
• Two men boxing
• A girl dancing
• Personal lives, such as

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Lumière Brothers
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Lumières program

• La Sortie des usines Lumière (quitting time at
  the Lumiere factory)

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• Le Repas de bébé (a Lumiere child eating)as

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• LArroseur arrosé (a boy playing a practical joke
  on a gardener)

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• LArrivée dun train en gare

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Arrivee dun train en gare
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All this was fine, but soon the novelty wore off.
More was needed.
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George Méliès
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Méliès - 1902
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Melies and others followed the Lumieres and
showed movies in theatres. They were called
Nickelodeons odeon from the Greek for
theatre, and nickel for what patrons paid to
watch the movies.
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Edison jumped on the bandwagon.
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Edisons projecting kinetoscope
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The Great Train Robbery - 1903
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Again, the novelty soon wore off. The time had
come for longer films two and three reelers
instead of one-reelers, like D.W. Griffiths
Birth of a Nation
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You may have noticed something
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No sound
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Edison tried adding sound by combining his
kinetoscope and his kinetophone, showing the film
while playing the sound.
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The major problem was synchronization
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Remember the telephone How sound could be
converted to electrical impulses
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Changing the amplitude of an electrical current
can cause a light to brighten or dim in direct
relation to the amount of electricity.
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Danish researchers

• Discovered selenium would generate an electrical
  signal in direct relation to the amount of light
  shining on it.

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Exposing film to the flickering light created by
sound, then putting it on one side of the film
created the sound track.
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