TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

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TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS
Mussolini Hitler Stalin
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TOTALITARIANISM

• Phenomenon in between wars
• Mass Politics
• Communication motion pictures, radio
• Irrational ideologies
• Anti-Semitism, glorification of violence, extreme
  nationalism
• Social Darwinism racists, domination of the
  weaker

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TOTALITARIANISM

• 1920s 1930s
• Complete control of the economic, social,
  intellectual, and cultural aspects of peoples
  lives
• Totalitarian Tyranny Fascism, Nazism, and
  Communism Feuding Brothers with a common
  father WAR
• - Elie Halevy Era of Tyrannies

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POST-WAR ITALY

• Italia Irredenta unredeemed Italy
• Italian Nationalism
• Dissatisfied with the spoils of war
• Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)
• Parliamentary Democracy
• Prime Minister

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TOTALITARIANISM

• Political Muddle no dominate political party
• Peasants seized land
• Industrial Strikes
• Lack of democratic tradition
• Threat of Communism
• Irredenta unredeemed Italy

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BENITO MUSSOLINI

• 1883-1945
• Il Duce
• Italian Dictator (1922-1945)
• School teacher, journalist, public speaker,
  political agitator
• Fascism

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THE FASCIST SYMBOL

• Comes from the Latin word fasces
• In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical
  bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together
  around an axe.
• They symbolize unity and power.

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DEFINTION

• Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of
  government that glorifies the state and nation
  and assigns to the state control over every
  aspect of national life.

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CHARACTARISTICS

• Extreme right-wing ideology
• Ultra Nationalism
• Class unity not Class struggle
• Militarism Glorification of Force
• Use of Violence suppress opposition
• Subordination of individual to the state
• Disdain for liberalism, communism, intellectuals,
  arts

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CHARACTARISTICS

• Secret Police/Censorship
• One political party
• World Conquest
• Anti-capitalistic
• Propaganda over truth
• Modern technology mass politics to lie kill
• Controlled Mass Media

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CHARACTARISTICS

• Suppressed labor unions
• Protected industrial and corporate aristocracy
  Corporate State
• Censorship state controlled mass media
• Fraudulent elections, corruption
• Cult of Personality

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CORPORATE STATE

• CORPORATE STATE
• Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as
  it is the merger of corporate and government
  power.
• Fear of Socialism led many industrialists to
  back Mussolini ()
• Goal end class conflict, increase production,
  end strikes
• Reality destroyed workers rights

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RISE TO POWER

• WEAK GOVT Order rather than some vague social
  justice
• NATIONALISTIC APPEAL Roman Empire youth,
  veterans, army
• ECONOMIC DISTRESS high taxes WWI, unemployment,
  landless peasants, inflation
• FEAR OF COMMUNISM Bolshevik revolution

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RISE TO POWER

• Black Shirts-paramilitary group ultra
  nationalists, ex-soldiers
• Violently attacked socialists, communists,
  strikes, labor unions

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MARCH ON ROME

• MARCH ON ROME 1922
• Threat of a coup detat
• Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini Prime
  Minister
• Elections laws altered Fascists won 2/3rds vote
• Mussolini ruled by decree Single Party
  Dictatorship

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OPPOSITION

• Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924)
• Leader of the United Socialist Party
• Led the campaign against Mussolini

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THE CHURCH

• LATERAN ACCORDS (1929)
• Pope Pius XI
• The creation of The Vatican City
• 85 million
• Man of Providence
• Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century
  will be known in history as the century of
  Fascism.
• -Mussolini

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I believe in the high Duce, maker of the Black
Shirts, And in Jesus Christ his only
protector. Our Savior was conceived by a good
teacher and an industrious blacksmith. He was a
valiant soldier he had some enemies. He came
down to Rome. On the third day, he reestablished
the state. He ascended into the high office. He
is seated at the right hand of our
Sovereign. From there, he has come to judge
Bolshevism. I believe in the wise laws, the
Communion of Citizens, the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of Italy and the eternal force.
Amen.  
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CULT OF PERSONALITY

• Youth Movement

I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my
countryI believe in the genius of Mussoliniand
in the resurrection of the Empire."
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CULT OF PERSONALITY

• Education
• Make Way for Youth
• "War is to the male what childbearing is to the
  female.
• Believe, Obey, Fight
• Women tax credits for more children

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CULT OF PERSONALITY

• Racial Laws 1938
• Social Darwinism
• Strong nation vs. weak
• Strong race vs. weak
• Anti-Semitism?

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CULT OF PERSONALITY
Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb
in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our
hearts.
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SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• (1936-1939)
• First Spanish Republic (1873-1887)
• Monarchy (1887-1931)
• Military Dictatorship (1923-1931)
• Second Republic (1931-1936)
• Political fragmentation communists, anarchists,
  monarchists, fascists, republicans

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SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• Popular Front Coalition
• Francisco Franco (1892-1975)
• Caudillo Leader
• Spanish General coup detat
• Right-Wing Falange Party (Nationalists)
• Aided by Mussolini and Hitler
• Republicans supported by Stalin

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GUERNICA(1937) -Pablo Picasso
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SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• Dress rehearsal for WWII
• Tested new weapons
• Mussolini sent 70,000 troops (Nationalists)
• Hitler sent the latest planes armaments
• Stalin sent volunteers to support the Republican
  cause
• US, FRANCE, GB, - non-intervention

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Salvador Dali (1936) Soft Construction with Beans
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FRANCISCO FRANCO

• One State! One Country! One Chief! Franco!
  Franco! Franco!
• Generalisimo commander in chief
• Criticism Treason
• Universal Suffrage eliminated
• Political Parties outlawed
• Catholic Church restored

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SPANISH CIVIL WAR WAS A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WWII