The Renaissance

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The Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
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The Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance means rebirth or revival of the
  classical age of Greece and Rome
• Began in Italy
• 1300 - 1600
• Art, literature, learning
• Spread throughout Europe

Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
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Features of the Renaissance

• Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization
• Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation
  and free inquiry (in contrast to Middle Ages -
  faith, authority, tradition)
• Glorified the individual worldly pleasures
• Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not
  just in preparation for the afterlife
• Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just
  religious affairs urban (city)
• Great works of art, literature, and science

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Features of the Renaissance cont.

• Urban Movement
• Recovery from the disasters of the 14th century
• Black Death
• Political disorder
• 100 Years War
• New view of human beings and individual ability

Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo
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Why Italy?

• Center of Greco-Roman world had sculpture,
  buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited
  curiosity about heritage
• Located on Mediterranean absorbed stimulating
  ideas from Byzantine Muslim worlds
• Benefited from revival of trade that resulted
  from Crusades
• Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts

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The Italian States Milan

• 14th century-Visconti family great wealth and
  power over Lombardy
• Last Visconti dies in 1447
• Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of
  mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke
• Built a strong, centralized state
• Efficient tax system

Duomo in Milan, Italy
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The Italian States Venice

• Grew wealthy from trading
• Small group of merchant-aristocrats ran the
  government on behalf of their own interests
• Trade empire brought enormous revenues
• Became an international power

San Marco in Venice, Italy
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The Italian States Florence

• The preeminent Renaissance city
• Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade
• Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de
  Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts
• Powerful and influential family

Duomo in Florence, Italy
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Medieval vs. Renaissance
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Medieval vs. Renaissance
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Giottos Madonna
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

• Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster
  with water based paints
• Mosaccio - Frescoes
• Figures had the illusion of being dimensional
• Two major achievements
• Perspective
• Movement and human anatomy
• Architects were inspired by the buildings of
  ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) Brunelleschi

School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi
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• 1 Zeno of Citium9 2 Epicurus 3 Federico II
  of Mantua? 4 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius
  or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5 Averroes
  6 Pythagoras 7 Alcibiades or Alexander the
  Great? 8 Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9 Hypatia
  (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's
  mistress Margherita) 10 Aeschines or Xenophon?
  11 Parmenides? 12 Socrates 13 Heraclitus
  (Michelangelo) 14 Plato holding the Timaeus
  (Leonardo da Vinci) 15 Aristotle holding the
  Ethics 16 Diogenes of Sinope? 17 Plotinus?
  18 Euclid or Archimedes with students
  (Bramante)? 19 Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare
  Castiglione or Pietro Bembo) 20 Ptolemy?
  R Apelles (Raphael) 21 Protogenes (Il Sodoma,
  Perugino or Timoteo Viti)10

The School of Athens
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

• Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal
  of the world
• Glorified the individual human body
• Giotto religious themes
• Donatello sculptor copied ancient Greeks

Ospedale degli Innocenti Brunelleschi, Florence,
Italy
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Donnatellos Herod
Giottos Madonna
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian Artists cont.

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Ideal Renaissance Man
• Paintings, sketches, inventions
• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper
• http//www.history.com/shows/life-after-people/vid
  eos/life-after-people-the-last-supper
• http//www.history.com/shows/armageddon/videos/leo
  nardos-deluge

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DaVincis The Last Supper
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Italian Artists cont.

• Titian portraits the Assumption of the Virgin
• Raphael tranquil beauty in religious works
  the Sistine Madonna

Titian Assumption of the Virgin
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Raphaels Sistine Madonna
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Italian Artists cont.

• Michelangelo painter, sculptor, poet, architect
• Sistine Chapel ceiling, commissioned by the
  Pope
• David
• The Pieta next slide

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The Pieta - Michelangelo
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Donatellos David
Michelangeos David
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The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine
Chapel Rome, Italy
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The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo
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The Northern Artistic Renaissance

• Skilled in painting details
• Did not fully understand perspective
• Jan Van Eyck- Flanders oils
• Albrecht Durer - Germany painter metal wood
  engraver

Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Albrecht Durer
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Northern Artists cont.

• Rembrandt Dutch, lights and shadow, life of
  common people
• The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson
• Holbein German lifelike portraits of famous
  people

Rembrandts The Anatomy Lesson
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Botticellis The Birth of Venus
Breughels Childrens Games
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Holbeins Sir Thomas More
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Durers Adoration of the Magi
Durers Self Portrait
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Van Eycks Madonna.
Raphaels Self Portrait
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Renaissance Literature

• Humanism - Intellectual and literary movement
  based upon the classics.
• Focused on human potential and individuality of
  their subjects concerned with everyday problems
• Reflected values of an urban, secular society
• Wrote in vernacular local language
• Petrarch father of humanism wrote sonnets (14
  line poems) in Latin
• Boccaccio The Decameron stories about people
  trying to escape the plague

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Renaissance

• Machiavelli The Prince
• Politics and power
• Leaders sometimes have to mislead the people for
  the good of the state
• The end justifies the means

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Christian Humanists

• Wanted to reform society, Church, etc.
• Erasmus The Praise of Folly poked fun at
  greedy merchants, the Church, etc.
• Sir Thomas More Utopia a perfect society
• William Shakespeare
• Human experience drama, comedy
• Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othelllo, King
  Lear, The Taming of the Shrew

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The Printing Press

• Johan Gutenberg - Germany
• Block printing from China too slow
• Movable type printing press
• Gutenberg Bible
• Revolutionized printing
• Spread of ideas, more books, cheaper books
• Growth of literacy, reading, education
• Spread ideas of humanism and reformation

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The Reformation
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Reformation

• Typical medieval question What must I do to be
  saved?
• Martin Luther and others (Wycliffe, Hus) have a
  different answer to this question than what the
  Catholic Church believed.
• Eventually creates a complete break with the
  Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in
  the Western Christian World.

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Background

• Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already
  begun changes
• People could REASON and improve themselves
• Desiderius Erasmus - should live good daily lives
  rather than focus on being saved
• Praise of Folly criticized church abuses,
  wanted reform not to destroy church

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Problems

• Popes involved in politics less spiritual
• Spent on art, architecture (St. Peters
  Basilica)
• Held multiple positions in church (pluralism),
  absenteeism, simony, neglected religious jobs.
• Indulgences could pay for forgiveness
• Relics bones, objects, etc. of saints

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Martin Luther

• Entered monastery studies Bible
• CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good
  deeds are needed for salvation
• Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God,
  made possible through sacrifices of Jesus.
• Salvation by faith alone chief teachings of
  Protestant Reformation Bible is chief guide

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95 Theses
Martin Luther
John Calvin
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Luther cont.

• Posted 95 Theses to Church door at Wittenberg
  (Germany)
• Attacked indulgences, rituals, relics, etc.
• Excommunicated in 1521
• Summoned to the Diet of Worms asked whether he
  truly believes his writings
• Luther does not recant
• Sentenced to be burned at stake

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Luther cont

• Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later
• Set up new services to replace Catholic mass,
  marries, continues to teach his ideas
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg the division of the
  Church is now complete
• Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really
  tolerant of each other)

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New Protestant Groups

• Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli
• Zwinglianism extreme changes religious images
  abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead
  scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no
  monasteries, pilgrimages, popes authority
  rejected
• Conflict Zwingli killed, burned

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New Protestant Groups cont.

• John Calvin Calvinism (also Switzerland)
• Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty
  of God
• Predestination already determined if you were
  to be saved or damned
• To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life
• Spread quickly

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England

• Split occurs for political not religious reasons
• King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment
  from wife 1 (Catherine of Aragon) daughter
  Mary no male heir
• Wants to marry Anne Boleyn
• Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with
  Church
• Act of Supremacy King is head of church
  seized lands and sold!
• Marries 2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth)

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Henry VIII cont.

• Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery)
• 3 Jane Seymour finally a male heir (Edward
  VI) she dies in childbirth
• 4 Anne of Cleves arranged marriage based on
  portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her ?
• 5 Catherine Howard beheaded
• 6 Catherine Parr she outlives him

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England cont.

• Edward VI (his only son) sickly, becomes king at
  age 9
• Allows clergy to marry
• Mary (from 1st marriage) staunchly Catholic
• Bloody Mary married to Phillip II Spain
  (Europes most Catholic King)
• Burned 300 Protestant churches
• Had reverse effect England becomes more
  Protestant

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King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by
Hans Holbein
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Bloody Mary Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon
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Phillip II Of Spain
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Edward VI son Of Henry VIII Jane Seymour
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Queen Elizabeth England child of Henry VIII and
Ann Boleyn
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Other Protestants

• Anabaptists
• Christians are a voluntary community of believers
• Therefore adults should be baptized not children
• All members are equal
• Complete separation of Church and state (radical)
• Thou shall not kill literally
• Extremists- hated by Catholics Lutheran

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Impact of Reformation

• Clergy can marry so family becomes highly
  important
• Indulgences, relics saints, pilgrimages,
  monasteries, celibacy change
• Catholic Church loses some power
• What is the Catholic Church to do????

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Catholic (Counter) Reformation

• To regain authority of Catholic Church
• Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola) absolute devotion
  to the Church missionaries to spread faith
• Reformed papacy corruption, finances,
  involvement in politics, etc.
• Council of Trent Reaffirmed traditional
  Catholic teachings
• Strong and ready to do battle for souls!