World War II 1931-1945

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World War II1931-1945

• Chapter 24 25

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I. Build Up to War
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A. The Rise of Dictators
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Why did dictators gain power?

• Resentment over the Treaty of Versailles
• Great Depression- offered hope to improve the
  economy

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Mussolini Italy

• Fascism- aggressive nationalism, nation is more
  important than the individual
• Founded by Benito Mussolini
• Takes power in 1922

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Stalin and USSR

• After Bolshevik Revolution- Communist gov in
  Russia
• Joseph Stalin leader in 1926

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Hitler Germany

• Germany after WWI-
• Resentment toward Allies
• Huge debt (reparations)
• Slow economy
• Many new political parties start

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Hitler Germany

• National Socialist German Workers Party- Nazi
  Party- nationalist anticommunist
• Adolph Hitler
• Austrian
• Fought for Germany in WWI
• Joins soon leads Nazi Party

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Hitler Germany

• 1923- Beer Hall Putsch- revolution in Munich
• Hitler arrested

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Hitler Germany

• In jail writes Mein Kampf
• Calls for unification of all ethnic Germans
• Germans are master race- Aryanism
• Need Lebensraum- living space
• Jews are inferior responsible for the worlds
  problems

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Hitler Germany

• After prison, Hitler focuses on getting Nazis
  elected
• 1932- largest party in Reichstag (legislature)
• 1933- Hitler made Chancellor

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Hitler Germany

• Calls for new elections
• Nazis intimidate voters
• SA- Stormtroopers- Brown shirts
• SS- body guards
• Gestapo- part of SS- secret police
• Nazis control gov

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Hitler Germany

• Hitler given dictatorial power
• Calls himself the Fuhrer (leader)

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Japan

• Great Depression hurts Japan (must import all raw
  materials- tariffs stop growth)
• Military blames gov

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Japan

• 1931- Military invades Manchuria (resource rich
  region of China)
• Military overthrows gov

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The Axis Powers

• It Germ sign treaties
• Hitler calls it the Rome-Berlin Axis
• Jap joins Ger
• Called Axis Powers

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B. Axis Expansion
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Appeasement

• Policy of many European leaders toward Hitler was
  appeasement- concessions for peace
• Why?-
• WWI
• Thought Nazis would be peaceful after they got
  what they wanted
• Agreed with uniting Germans

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Spanish Civil War

• 1936- Francisco Franco- Fascist leader of
  rebellion
• Supported by Germans Italians
• National government supported by USSR
• Fascist win

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Austria

• 1937
• Hitler invades and annexes Austria

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The Munich Crisis

• 1938
• Germany wanted Sudetenland
• region of Czechoslovakia
• large German speaking population
• Fr USSR promised to protect Czech.
• GB promised to support Fr

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The Munich Crisis

• GB, Fr, It, Ger meet in Munich to talk about
  crisis
• Fr GB give Sudetenland to Germ
• Feel they have stopped war
• Br. Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, says we
  have peace in our time.

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Thank you for your promise of peace.
Sucker!
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Poland

• 1939
• Hitler wants to connect Germany to East Prussia
  (Danzig)
• Threatens Poland
• Fr GB agree to protect Poland

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Poland

• Hitler doesnt want to fight GB, Fr USSR
• Signs Non-aggression pact with USSR
• Also split Poland
• Invades Poland on Sept 1, 1939
• GB Fr declare war on Ger

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C. The War Begins
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Blitzkrieg

• Germ used Blitzkrieg to defeat Poland quickly
• Used air power, fast armor mechanized infantry
• In April 1940, Ger invaded Norway Denmark

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German troops in Warsaw
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Fall of France

• Fr GB prepare for war
• Fr relies on Maginot Line- series of forts on
  Fr/Ger border
• 1940- Ger attack Belgium Netherlands, go around
  line
• Trap much of Fr army

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Dunkirk

• Fr GB retreat to Dunkirk, a town on the English
  Channel
• Ger delay attacking
• Allows the Miracle at Dunkirk
• Make shift fleet evacuates many soldier to GB
• Fr surrendered 3 weeks later

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Battle of Britain

• Hitler prepares to invade GB
• British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,
  promises to resist

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Battle of Britain

• Hitler uses the Luftwaffe (air force) to bomb
  Britain
• Eventually, bombed Br. cities, especially London
• British fighter pilots (RAF) attacked bombers
• Secret weapon- radar
• Hitler cancels plans after 4 months

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Operation Barbarossa

• Hitler turns attention to USSR
• Summer 1941- invades USSR
• By Fall 1941, almost to Moscow
• Stopped by Russian winter

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II. The Holocaust
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A. Persecution Begins
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Nuremberg Laws

• September 1935- Nuremburg laws passed
• Took away citizenship, right to work, own
  property, or marry non-Jews

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Kristallnacht

• Night of Broken Glass
• Nazis smashed windows, looted shops, destroyed
  synagogues
• Made Jews pay for damage

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B. The Final Solution
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What was the Final Solution?

• Final Solution- Nazi plan to efficiently
  exterminate undesirables in Nazi controlled
  territory
• Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs, Jehovah's
  Witness
• German goal was to cleanse lebensraum of
  undesirables

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Massacre outside Kiev
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What was the Final Solution?

• Placed in 2 types of camp
• Concentration
• Extermination

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Concentration Camps

• Able bodied prisoners
• Worked until they died
• Buchenwald

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Extermination Camps

• Camps designed to kill efficiently
• Used gas, then cremated bodies
• Treblinka Auschwitz
• About 6 million European Jews were killed by the
  Nazis

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This represents one day's collection at the peak
of the gassings, about twenty five thousand
pairs.
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III. America Enters the War
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A. American Neutrality
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American Isolationism

• US policy was isolationism
• Neutrality Acts- made it illegal to sell arms to
  countries at war

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FDRs position

• Said US was neutral
• Knew US would have to get involved
• Wanted to help allies

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Cash Carry

• US only allowed nations at war to buy arms on a
  cash carry basis

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Election of 1940

• Roosevelt decides to run for reelection in 1940
• Would be his 3rd term
• Wins in a landslide
• Many didnt want a change in uncertain times

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B. Edging Toward War
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The Lend-Lease Act

• Allows US to lend arms to countries vital to the
  defense of the United States
• If GB stops Axis the US wont have to
• US should be arsenal of democracy
• L-L loaned arms to GB then USSR

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The Atlantic Charter

• FDR Churchill met in Newfoundland
• Decided what the post-war world would be like
• Free trade
• Democracy

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C. Japan Attacks the US
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China

• Japan invaded China in 1937
• FDR gives China aide
• 1939, FDR starts an embargo against Japan
• 1941- stopped oil exports to Japan

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Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii
• Destroyed much of US Pacific fleet

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Pearl Harbor

• FDR asks Congress for war
• Congress declares war on Japan
• Ger It declare war on US

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IV. Mobilizing for War
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A. The War-Time Economy
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Converting the Economy

• US started converting the economy to war
  production in 1940
• Allowed the US to contribute quickly
• US didnt bid contracts, used cost-plus

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Industry Converts

• Industries changed the products they produced
• Car companies- tanks, planes, jeeps

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Liberty Ships

• US needs a merchant fleet to get arms to Europe
• Standard, mass production, ship of WWII

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B. Building the Army
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Selective Service Training Act

• 1940
• Passed after the fall of France
• First peace time draft in US

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The G.I.

• G.I.- nickname of American soldier- government
  issue
• Basic Training- generally considered useless, but
  did promote unity

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Segregation

• US military was segregated in WWII
• Very few Af. Am. unit were in combat
• Tuskegee Airmen- 99th Pursuit Squadron- fighter
  pilots
• 716th Tank Battalion

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Double V Campaign

• Many Af. Am. didnt support the war
• Af. Am. leaders called for Double V Campaign
• Beat the Axis
• Beat discrimination

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Women in Armed Forces

• Release a man for combat
• Women generally did clerical work so men could
  fight
• Womans Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) later
  Womans Army Corps (WAC)

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V. The Home Front
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A. Changes in Society
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Women at Work

• With men fighting, women worked in factories
• Rosie the Riveter- symbolized women in the
  workplace

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African American Demands for Work

• Factories hired women, but not Af. Am.
• A. Philip Randolph- planned a march on Washington
  for Af. Am
• FDR responded with Executive Order 8802- no
  discrimination in war industries

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Migration

• New war jobs caused people to move for work-
  especially to Sunbelt (West South)
• Caused prejudice
• Detroit riots- Af. Am v Whites
• Zoot Suit Riots- LA, Hispanic youths v sailors

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Japanese- American Relocation

• Japanese- Am moved from West coast to interment
  camps
• Lost property freedom
• Some Nisei (2nd generation Jap-am) joined army
• 442nd Regimental Combat team

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B. Daily Life in America
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Rationing

• Demand for materials created shortages
• Gov rationed items to make sure military had what
  it needed
• Meat, sugar, rubber (tires) gas, silk,

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Other Ways to Conserve

• Victory gardens- grow own veggies so military has
  more
• Scrap drives- collect scrap metal for war
• Fat drives- bacon grease, etc

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Paying for War

• Raised taxes
• War bonds- (pay 18.25 in 10 years, cash it in
  for 25.00)

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V for Victory

• Life at home during the war was difficult, but
  the US was united to win the war.

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Social Changes Caused by WWII

• More Americans move to the city
• Accelerated social change for African Americans
• Roles expectations for women change

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VI. The War in Europe
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A. North Africa Italy
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Strategy for Victory

• Allied Big Three- FDR, Churchill, Stalin
• Stalin wants a 2nd front
• Churchill wants to attack the edges
• US GB decide to fight in North Africa

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El Alamien

• GB needs Suez Canal to connect to empire
• German Afrika Corps try to take it
• Ger general- Erwin Rommel- the Desert Fox
• GB (Gen Bernard Montgomery) stop Ger advance at
  El Alamien
• Turning point in North Africa

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Tunisia

• US lands troops in Morocco (Gen George Patton)-
  Nov 1942
• Heads east
• British in Egypt head west
• Eventually trap Afrika Corps in Tunisia

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Casablanca Conference

• FDR Churchill meet- Jan 1943
• The decide
• Defeat Germ, then Japan
• Attack Italy next
• Invade France in 1944
• Unconditional Surrender
• Increase bombing

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Sicily Italy

• Next, US GB invade Sicily, then Italy
• Land at Anzio- US takes heavy losses
• Mussolini overthrown, but Ger continues the fight
• Allies fight up the boot
• Capture Rome on June 5, 1944

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B. The Eastern Front
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Stalingrad

• Spring 1942- Hitler wants Russias oil
• Needs to capture Stalingrad
• Ger capture city in Sept- no retreat allowed
• Soviets counterattack, surround city
• Germans in city are trapped

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Stalingrad

• Ger eventually surrender
• Major turning point in Europe, Ger is on the
  defensive after Stalingrad
• 91,000 Germans surrender- 5000 come home after
  the war
• Casualty stats

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C. The Air War
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Strategic Bombing

• Allies want to destroy Germanys ability to wage
  war
• Bomb Ger industries
• GB- bomb at night
• US- bombs in day
• Eventually bomb cities, not just industry

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Was it effective?

• Historians disagree
• Bombing destroyed industry
• Ger productions increased
• Split up production, harder to destroy
• Ger forced to use valuable material to stop
  bombers
• Allies gain air superiority

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D. The Invasion of Europe
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Tehran Conference

• FDR, Churchill, Stalin- Nov-Dec, 1943
• Stalin agrees have an offensive the same time as
  the Invasion of France
• Also agrees to help with Japan after Ger defeated

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D-Day

• Invasion of France- code name D-Day
• Supreme Commander- Dwight David Eisenhower
• Invasion happened at Normandy
• Largest naval invasion in history
• June 6, 1944

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D-Day

• About 150,000 troops landed to fierce resistance
• Some of the worst fighting was at Omaha Beach
  (one Am. Landing zone)
• By end of D-Day, all beaches are established

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HEADING TO OMAHA BEACH
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Battle of Normandy

• D-Day invasion successful, but Allies have a hard
  time pushing inland
• Normandy hedgerows prevent movement
• July- Allies break out- Germans in retreat

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E. The Defeat of Nazi Germany
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Battle of the Bulge

• Closer the Allies got to Germany, more the
  Germans fought
• Hitler plans a counter attack for December 1944

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Battle of the Bulge

• Attacks through the Ardennes Forrest (just like
  1940)
• Weather (heavy snow, bitter cold and thick
  clouds) help Germans
• US paratroopers used to stop Germans
• Hold at Bastogne, Belgium
• Dec 26- weather breaks, Germans advance stopped

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Battle of the Bulge

• Largest battle on Western Front during WWII
• Germans realize the war is lost

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Yalta Conference

• FDR, Churchill, Stalin- Feb 1945
• Split Ger into 4 zones (US, GB, Fr. USSR)
• Berlin also split
• Stalin agrees to allow elections in Eastern
  Europe
• Stalin agrees to enter war against Jap

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V-E Day

• US GB continue to push into Germany- cross
  Rhine
• USSR also pushing into Germany

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V-E Day

• April 1945- Soviets enter Berlin
• Hitler commits suicide
• Ger. Surrenders
• May 8, 1945- V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

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VII. The War in the Pacific
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A. Early Battles
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Philippines

• Right after Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked the
  Philippines
• Am Filipinos outnumbered
• Am General Douglas McArthur ordered to leave
  Philippines
• Promises I shall return.

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Philippines

• Captured Am forced to march 60 miles without food
  or water
• Called Bataan Death March
• At least 10,000 prisoners died

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The Bataan Death March
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Coral Sea

• Japan plans 2 attacks- May 1942
• Invade Australia
• Destroy Am fleet
• Am break Jap code- know the plan of attack
• Am fleet stops Jap fleet, Australia is saved
• First battle of carrier based planes

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Midway

• Jap Admiral Yamamoto wants to force Am fleet to
  fight- June 1942
• Plans to attack Midway Is.
• Am Admiral Chester Nimitz sets trap
• Am planes sink 4 Japanese carriers

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Midway

• Midway is the turning point in the Pacific
• Japan no longer attacks, goes onto the defensive

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B. Allies on the Offensive
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American Strategy

• Am want a 2 pronged attack
• Navy (Nimitz) with Marine Corps through central
  Pacific
• Army (McArthur) push through Solomon Islands
  toward Philippines

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Island Hopping

• Plan to only attack essential bases
• Leapfrog others and cut supplies
• Get close enough to launch bombers at Japan

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Return to the Philippines

• Oct 1944- Am invade Philippines
• McArthur comes ashore proclaims I have
  returned

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Leyte Gulf

• Jap send carriers to attack invasion fleet
• Largest naval battle in history
• Jap first use kamikaze- divine wind- suicide
  pilots
• Much of Japanese fleet destroyed

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Leyte Gulf

• Ground fighting continues in Philippines until
  end of war

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C. Defeat of Japan
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Iwo Jima

• US wanted Iwo Jima as an emergancy airbase
• Japanese defenders dug into caves
• 1/3 of all Marines killed in war died on Iwo

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Fire bombing Japan

• US turns to firebombing Jap cities
• Direct attacks on Jap civilians
• June 1945- Tokyo firebombed- 80,000 killed

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Okinawa

• Japan shows no signs of surrender
• Only war to end war is invade Japan
• US needs a base for invasion
• Decide on Okinawa

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Okinawa

• April 1945- land in Okinawa
• Japanese dont defend beaches
• Dig tunnels and caves and wait
• Jap launch 2000 kamikaze attacks
• More than 12,000 Am killed in battle

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The Manhattan Project

• US has been working throughout war to make an
  atomic bomb
• Manhattan Project- code name for bomb research
• Successful test in July 1945 (New Mexico)

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FDRs Death

• FDR died April 12
• New President is Harry Truman

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Hiroshima

• Should the US use the bomb?
• Truman says yes
• US give Japan an ultimatum- surrender or suffer
  mass destruction
• Japan doesnt respond

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Hiroshima

• Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August
  6, 1945.
• 63 of city destroyed
• 80-120 thousand killed instantly
• Unknown amount killed by radiation, burns, cancer

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A boy was exposed to thermal rays about 1.5 miles
from the hypocenter. February 1946
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• Shin's tricycle
• Shin-ichi was a three year old boy who
• loved his tricycle. When the bomb was
• dropped, he was playing with his best
• friend, Kimiko. They died. They were
• buried in the garden of Shin-ichi's house
• together. In July 1985, 40 years later,
• their parents decided to move them to
• a proper grave.

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• Early in the morning, I began to dig open the
• grave with Kimi's mother, who had come to
• help. After digging for a while a rusty pipe
• began to show. "Oh! It's the tricycle!" Before I
• realized it I had started to sob. To tell you the
• truth, I'd forgotten all about the tricycle.
  "Look!
• There's something white," someone cried. I felt
• like ice. Carefully we uncovered the bones
• using chopsticks and brushes. There were a
• number of tiny bones.
• "Shin-ichi, Shin-ichi." "Kimiko." Everyone's eyes
• were glued to the little white hands of the two
• children. They were still holding hands....

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Nagasaki

• August 9, 1945- USSR declares war on Japan
• US drops 2nd bomb on Nagasaki
• 35-75 thousand killed

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V-J Day

• August 15, 1945- Japan surrenders

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VIII. Aftermath
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A. Trying the Enemy
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Nuremburg Trials

• Allies put Nazis on trial
• Charged with crimes against humanity
• National leaders are responsible for war crimes

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B. Stats on the war

• Dont write this down

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War Deaths

• US
• 400,000 military, 2000 civilian
• USSR
• 11,000,000 military, 6,700,000 civilian
• Germany
• 3,250,000 military, 2,350,000 civilian
• Japan
• 1,740,00 military, 400,000 civilian
• China
• 1,400,000 military, 8,000,000 civilian
• Poland
• 110,000 military, 5,300,000 civilian

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Who died?

• More deaths than any other war in history
• More civilians died than soldiers.