The Progressive Era

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The Progressive Era

• 1900-1920

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• A. 3 Sources of Reform
• 1. Religion-YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army helped
  poor and working people.
• 2. Press-Muckrakersjournalists who pointed out
  what was wrong with society.
• Lincoln Steffens Ida Tarbell
  took on big business.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• Upton Sinclair-The Jungle-about stockyard workers
  and meat-packing plants.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• A. 3 Sources of Reform
• 3. Radical Political Groups-1901-Socialist
  Party organized, Eugene V. Debs candidate.
• Socialismeliminates
• private ownership.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• B. Cities and States Change
• 1. New mayors in cities-Progressive and
  Socialist
• 2. New ways to manage cities-city commissions
  and council-manager system form.
• 3. Reform governors-attack industry and big
  business
• Robert M. LaFollette-Wisconsin,
  attacked corporations and
  ended special treatment.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• B. Cities and States Change
• 4. Direct primary-eliminated the political
  machine, candidates chosen by popular vote.
• 5. Social reforms issues-child labor, long
  hours, worker's compensation laws.

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Theodore Roosevelt

• The Progressive President

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T R

• Personality-Outdoorsman, Harvard graduate,
  and conservationist.
• Career-Began as Republican Governor of New York.
  He immediately began to reform politics and
  industry in the state.
• -Became vice-president in 1900
• -September 6, 1901- McKinley assassinated and
  T.R. became president

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• B. Cities and States Change
• 4. Direct primary-eliminated the political
  machine, candidates chosen by popular vote.
• 5. Social reforms issues-child labor, long
  hours, worker's compensation laws.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 1. Increasing Federal Power Government needed
  to be more active to help US grow.
• 2. Mediating Labor Disputes
• Athracite Coal Strike Roosevelt threatened to
  take over over mines after owners refused to
  accept arbitration deal he bad brokered. Set
  precedent that the government could intervene if
  it was in the public's interests.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 3. Regulating Trusts TR filed 44 suits under
  the Sherman Antitrust Act. He prided himself
• as the "trustbuster", breaking up many large
  trusts, including Standard Oil.
• Northern Securities v US, 1904, American
  Tobacco v US, 1911 Key cases

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 4. Regulating Transportation passed 2 Acts
• Elkins Act, 1903 Made rebates from RR
  companies illegal
• Hepburn Act, 1906 Allowed the Interstate
  Commerce Commission to set maximum
• rates and regulate RR prices.
• 5. Protecting Health Pure Food Drug Act,
  1906. Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley pushed for
  labeling of foods because of question
  ingredients.

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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 6. Conservation TR set up 5 national parks, 50
  wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Crater Lake
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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 6. Conservation TR set up 5 national parks, 50
  wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Mesa Verde
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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 6. Conservation TR set up 5 national parks, 50
  wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Grand Canyon
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I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

• D. The Square Deal
• Roosevelt's Reforms
• 6. Conservation TR set up 5 national parks, 50
  wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Petrified Forest
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II. Progressivism Continues

• A. William Howard Taft as President
• 1. Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan in 1908
  much more cautious than TR
• 2. Taft fought to lower tariffs but many
  conservative Republicans opposed him. Payne
  Aldrich Tariff in 1909 reduced tariffs.

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II. Progressivism Continues

• A. William Howard Taft as President
• 3. Taft returned much of the conserved lands to
  public sale.
• 4. Taft appointed many unpopular officials,
  including Joseph Cannon as Speaker of the House.
  "Uncle Joe" ruled as a dictator, only
  considering conservative bills.

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II. Progressivism Continues
Roosevelts View of Taft
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II. Progressivism Continues

• B. Election of 1912
• 1. Roosevelt Bull Moose Party
• Taft Republican Wilson
  Democrat
• 2. Republican Party was split between Taft and
  TR, Democrats are united.
• 3. Wilson won 435 electoral votes and the
  election. The Democrats controlled the Senate
  and the House of Representatives as well.

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II. Progressivism Continues

• C. Woodrow Wilson as President
• Wilson declared the need for a
  "New Freedom", and attacked
  tariffs, finance and
  trusts.
• 1. 16th Amendment 1913 Established a federal
  income tax. This has become the government's
  largest source of revenue.
• 2. 17th Amendment 1913 Provided for direct
  election of Senators. From the Populist Party in
  the late 1800's.

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II. Progressivism Continues

• C. Woodrow Wilson as President
• Wilson declared the need for a
  "New Freedom", and attacked
  tariffs, finance and
  trusts.
• 3. Underwood Tariff 1913 first real lowering
  of restrictive tariffs since the Civil War.
• 4. Federal Reserve Act 1913 Created 12
  districts, each with its own federal reserve
  bank. Created the Federal Reserve Board to
  Regulate the system.

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II. Progressivism Continues

• C. Woodrow Wilson as President
• Wilson declared the need for a
  "New Freedom", and attacked
  tariffs, finance and
  trusts.
• 5. Federal Trade Act 1914 Created the Federal
  Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate unfair
  business practices.
• 6. Clayton Act 1914 Declared monopolies and
  other business practices illegal. Extended the
  Sherman Antitrust Act.

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II. Life in America Improves

• A. Transportation Revolution
• 1. Automobile-1903-Henry Ford organized Ford
  Motor Company. His Model T was priced under 300
  (affordable).
• Created urban sprawl as people could move away
  from factories.
• Ford introduced 2 ideas that revolutionized
  industry

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II. Life in America Improves

• A. Transportation Revolution
• (1) assembly line-parts and machines organized
  in sequence.
• (2) 5 dollar day-cost Ford 12 million first
  year but profit doubled after 3 years.

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II. Life in America Improves

• A. Transportation Revolution
• 2. Flight-Orville and Wilbur Wright made first
  flight at Kitty Hawk, NC on Dec 17, 1903.
• Military used planes for scouting and some
  combat in WWI.

North Carolina-First Flight
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II. Life in America Improves

• B. City Improvements
• 1. Skyscrapers-first designed by Louis
  Sullivan, solved space problems.
• 2. Parks and Amusement Parks-gave city dwellers
  recreation areas. Frederick Law Olmstead
  becomes famous as a designer after planning
  New Yorks Central Park and landscaping in
  Washington, D.C.

Central Park
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II. Life in America Improves

• B. City Improvements
• 3. Shopping increased as goods were abundant
  and affordable. Mail order catalogs brought
  shopping to the home. Department stores,
  chain stores (Woolworth), and shopping centers
  became popular.
• 4. Restaurants sprung up as cities became more
  prosperous.
• 5. Settlement Houses-provided education,
  activities, and services in slums.

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II. Life in America Improves

• C. Education and Information Improvements
• 1. 31 states passed attendance laws, high
  schools grew and colleges accepted more
  students.
• 2. McGuffey Reader was the
  first real textbook used.

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II. Life in America Improves

• C. Education and Information Improvements
• 3. Black Americans
• Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute
  and George Washington Carver taught there.
  These leaders believed that blacks could become
  equal through education.

George Washington Carver
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Dubois
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II. Life in America Improves

• C. Education and Information Improvements
• 4. Americans read many more newspapers as
  literacy rate and leisure time increased.
• Yellow Journalism Newspapers began to use
  sensational stories and headlines to attract
  readers.
• William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
  Pulitzer most well known.

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II. Life in America Improves

• D. Leisure Time
• Americans found time for many pastimes.
• 1. Literature-Mark Twain, Jack London, Stephen
  Crane, and Horatio Alger.

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II. Life in America Improves

• D. Leisure Time
• Americans found time for many pastimes.
• 2. Sports-baseball and boxing become great in
  late 1800's
• 3. Drama and Show-P.T. Barnum joined James
  Bailey in 1881 creating the "Greatest Show on
  Earth." Movies like The Great Train Robbery and
  Birth of a Nation were loved