Jeopardy

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Jeopardy
Gene to Protein
Mitosis
Chromosome/Karyotypes
Mutations
Q 100
Q 100
Q 100
Q 100
Q 200
Q 200
Q 200
Q 200
Q 300
Q 300
Q 300
Q 300
Q 400
Q 400
Q 400
Q 400
Q 500
Q 500
Q 500
Q 500
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100 Question Mitosis
What are the four phases of mitosis? What do we
call the phase leading up to mitosis?
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100 Answer Mitosis
1. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 2.
Interphase
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200 Question Mitosis

• A crayfish cell has 200 total or 100 pairs of
  chromosomes. Following mitosis, the daughter
  cells would each have a total of ______
  chromosomes.
• 200
• 100
• 400
• 50
• 46

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200 Answer Mitosis
A. 200 After mitosis, the daughter cells have an
identical number of chromosomes.
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300 Question Mitosis
Which of these phases is prophase? How do you
know?
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300 Answer Mitosis
The third from the left. The chromosomes begin to
form, as do the spindle fibers.
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400 Question Mitosis
While modeling mitosis, Sherri arranges the
chromosomes in metaphase like this
While modeling mitosis, LaRita arranges the
chromosomes in metaphase like this
Will the daughter cells in Sherris model be
genetically the same as or different from the
daughter cells in LaRitas model? WHY or WHY NOT?
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400 Answer Mitosis
Sherri and LaRitas daughter cells will be
genetically identical, since the order in which
chromosomes line up during mitosis doesnt
matter. Chromosomes line up INDEPENDENTLY of each
other!
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500 Question Mitosis
Komodo dragons, the worlds biggest lizards,
generally reproduce sexually, but can switch to
parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) if mates
are not available. Why do you think komodo
dragons usually reproduce sexually? What
advantage does sexual reproduction have in the
types of offspring produced over asexual
reproduction?
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500 Answer Mitosis
Sexual reproduction takes more energy (finding a
suitable mate, etc.), but has the advantage of
producing a variety of offspring. If there is a
variety offspring, your offspring are more likely
to survive and reproduce. Identical offspring may
or may not survive various diseases or other
challenges - but will do so in similar ways.
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100 Question Gene to Protein
What does DNA stand for? Name two people
responsible for characterizing the structure of
DNA.
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100 Answer Gene to Protein
Deoxyribonucleic acid. James Watson, Francis
Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
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200 Question Gene to Protein
Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide. Why is
DNA called a double helix?
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200 Answer Gene to Protein
Nucleotide deoxyribose/sugar phosphate group
nitrogenous base. Double helix - it has two
sugar-phophate backbones that form a spiral
shape.
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300 Question Gene to Protein
Transcribe and translate the following DNA
sequence into an mRNA and amino acid
sequence DNA1 TCA GGC GAC AAT
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300 Answer Gene to Protein
DNA1 TCA GGC GAC AAT mRNA AGU CCG CUG UUA Amino
acid sequence Serine-Proline-Leucine-Leucine
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400 Question Gene to Protein

• Compare and contrast transcription and
  translation. Name at least three similarities and
  three differences.

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400 Answer Gene to Protein

• Translation
• Uses tRNA, mRNA, and ribosomes
• Translates language of nucleic acids into amino
  acids
• Occurs in cytoplasm

Same Converts one kind of information into
another form Used in protein production Uses
DNA as source information

• Transcription
• Makes messenger RNA From DNA
• Uses base-pairing rules (AU, CG)
• Occurs in nucleus

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500 Question Gene to Protein
The HIV virus invades cells by injecting its mRNA
into cells. mRNA disintegrates rapidly. How do
you think the HIV virus is able to keep its
genetic information in cells longterm?
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500 Answer Gene to Protein
Return
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100 Question Mutations
List and define three types of mutation.
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100 Answer Mutations
Point/substitution mutation - changing one base
in the code for another. Insertion - adding a
base, causing a frameshift and a missense
mutation. Deletion - removing a base, causing a
frameshift and a missense mutation.
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200 Question Mutations
The following shows an original DNA sequence one
that has been mutated. What kind of mutation is
this? How do you know? DNA (original) CTT ACG
GGA TCA DNA (mutated) CTT CGG GAT CA
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200 Answer Mutations
Deletion mutation, because a letter has been
removed. A frameshift has occurred. One of the
codon now only has two letters and the rest have
been altered.
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300 Question Mutations
In the mutation for the trait for sickle cell
anemia, a genetic disorder that causes
sickle-shaped blood cells, only one base is
changed, as seen below. What effect will this
have on the resulting amino acid sequence?
Normal Hemoglobin GGG CTT CTT TTT
Sickled Hemoglobin GGG CAT CTT TTT
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300 Answer Mutations
Normal Proline Glutamic Acid - Glutamic Acid -
Lysine Sickled Proline Valine Glutamic
Acid Lysine One amino acid has changed
Glutamic acid --gt Valine. Valine is very
hydrophobic, so it causes the protein to fold
incorrectly, leading to the sickle cell disease.
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400 Question Mutations
Sickle cell anemia is a potentially fatal
recessive condition caused by a point mutation.
Individuals who are homozygous recessive for the
trait have the condition. Those who are
heterozygous for the trait do not have the trait
and are resistant to malaria, a disease that
destroys red blood cells. Those who are
homozygous dominant do not have the trait, but
are not resistant to malaria. If given a choice,
would you rather be homozygous recessive,
heterozygous or homozygous dominant? Consider the
consequences for yourself AND your potential
offspring.
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400 Answer Mutations
Homozygous recessive - have the disease its
painful and potentially fatal dont get malaria
pass on sickle cell allele to offspring. Heterozyg
ous have one mutant allele, one normal allele
dont get malaria dont get sickle cell may or
may not pass on the trait. Homozygous dominant
dont have sickle cell may or may not get
malaria will not pass on sickle trait to your
children.
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500 Question Mutations
Mutation is sometimes called the raw material for
evolution and natural selection. How does
mutation generate genetic diversity within a
population? How can that diversity be helpful to
an individual? To a population?
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500 Answer Mutations
Mutations provide genetic diversity by changing
organisms genetic information. That information
may help, be neutral, or hurt the individual. If
it helps, we call it an adaptation. Those
organisms that have adaptations survive and
reproduce better and can eventually become the
majority of a population.
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100 Question Chromosomes/Karyotype
What is the centromere?
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100 Answer Chromosomes/Karyotype
The centromere holds the sister chromatids
together.
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200 Question Chromosomes/Karyotype
A person is born with the genotype XXY. What
syndrome is the person likely to have? What
gender will they be (genetically)? How do you
know?
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200 Answer Chromosomes/Karyotype
Klinefelters syndrome. XXY male in humans. In
humans, the presence or absence of a Y chromosome
determines gender.
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300 Question Chromosomes/Karyotype
Why is DNA transported in chromosomes during cell
division? Your answer MUST use the following
terms DNA, proteins, chromosome, and histones.
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300 Answer Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Cells transport DNA in chromosomes because
chromosomes can move DNA easily. Chromosomes wind
chromatin (which is long thin threads of DNA)
around proteins called histones. Cells use
chromosomes because they compact the DNA and
prevent it from tangling/tearing.
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400 Question Chromosomes/Karyotypes
A karyotype is shown below. Diagnose the syndrome
and list possible symptoms. What is this
persons gender?
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400 Answer Chromosomes/Karyotypes
The karyotype has trisomy 21, so they may have
Down syndrome. Symptoms of Down syndrome include
delayed mental development, characteristic
facial features, hands with a deep crease in the
palm, shortened life span, etc. Because of the
presence of a Y chromosome, this person is
genetically male.
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500 Question Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Imagine you are a doctor and you perform a
karyotype on a newborn baby that was born
intersex (they hadnt developed male or female
genitalia fully). You find that the baby is XXY.
What advice would you give to the parents
regarding surgery to assign their child a gender?
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500 Answer Chromosomes/Karyotypes
Their child is genetically male, so should be
assigned male genitalia. Their child is
genetically male, but has Klinefelters syndrome,
which limits male development. Therefore, it will
be easier for their child to be raised
female. (ETC. - ANY well defended argument is
acceptable.)