EXIDE Europe

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ARABCOM 2004 Beirut BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR
POWER BACK UPS Dieter Kölbel Exide Technologies
(Germany)
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BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER BACK UPS

• Alternative Power Supplies
• Introduced Battery Technologies
• New Battery Technologies
• Todays World Battery Market

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Alternative Power Supplies

• Flywheels
• Fuel Cells
• Redox Flow Cells
• Supercaps

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Flywheels

• Low speed lt 30 s
• 1 MW /- 0.5 MW
• High speed up to 60 s
• 500 W 1 MW
• Cost 400 500 USD / kW
• Resumé Low cost but short autonomies

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Fuel Cells

• Power up to 100 kW?
• Autonomy very long!
• Availability Given
• Cost 1200 USD / kW
• Resumé Most developments mend for car
  industry. Around 20 kW available for
  Telecom.

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Redox Flow Cells

• Power Several kW
• Cost 3000 USD / KW
• Resumé Cost are high and the resources are
  limited, i.e. for Vanadium

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Supercaps

• Autonomy up to 1 minute
• Additionals DC/DC converter required
• Cost 0.005 USD / F
• Resumé Available for short autonomies

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Introduced Battery Technologies

• Nickel Cadmium Battery
• Vented Lead Acid Batteries
• Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

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Nickel Cadmium

• Good for high temperature environments
• 20 Years life
• Cost 1200 USD / kW
• Resumé Introduced and available

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Vented Lead Acid

• Life 10 to 20 Years
• Cost 450 USD / kW
• Resumé Very reliable but maintenance intensive

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Valve Regulated Lead Acid

• Life 10 to 15 Years
• Cost 500 USD / kW
• cost of ownership are low due to low
  maintenance
• Resumé Reliability depends very much on system
  and supplier

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Cost of Ownership Vented to VRLA
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New Battery Technologies

• Nickel Metal Hydride
• Lithium Technologies (Li-Ion, Li-Polymer,
  Li-MnO2)

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Nickel Metal Hydride

• As Nickel Cadmium
• Cost 1400 USD / kW
• Resumé Well introduced for consumer
  application. Less for Industry.

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Lithium (Li-Ion, Li-Polymer, Li-MnO2)

• Larger capacities are meanwhile existing
• Need control equipment
• Cost at least 2500 USD / kW
• Resumé Clearer after initial testing in the
  field is done

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Marketplace Assessment Summary
2002 - US
Asia / Pacific
N. America
W. Europe
Others
World
130 115 30 5 35 15 25
1010 720 260 210 170 80 200
Telecommunications U.P.S Consumer
(Alar./Sec.) Mobile Power Railways Others
375 210 60 40 50 30 90
270 220 85 80 25 20 55
235 175 85 85 60 15 40
TOTAL
855
755
695
355
2,660
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Commercial Industry TrendsGeneral

• Tremendous pressure on prices (25 to 35 decrease
  since 1995) due to the deregulation of national
  monopolies, customers product prices dropping
  (UPS/Computers) and customer concentration
• Globalization of all major customers preventing
  local price increases

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Commercial Industry TrendsTelecom

• Numerous new players with less experience
• Radical new power supply technical requirements
  (competitiveness, modularity, power density)
• Shift from big central switching systems to
  smaller locally distributed power systems (super
  highways multimedia networks)

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Commercial Industry TrendsUPS

• Cut throat competition in the UPS market
  leading to desperate search for the lowest
  W/USD ratio
• Continuous reduction of battery size (lower
  autonomies, higher voltage batteries, mainframe
  systems disappearance)

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Commercial Industry TrendsGeneral

• Increased power density to answer the needs of
  distributed power systems in ever more compact
  equipment (telecom PCN networks)
• Heavy duty power to fulfill the harsh
  requirements of operations in natural environment
  like street cabinets (telecom loop networks)
• Lower installation and maintenance costs with the
  development of modular standard battery units
  (telecom 19/23 systems)

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Commercial Industry TrendsGeneral

• Decreasing cost to meet the drop of our customers
  own products prices in the market (UPS and
  Telecom)
• Alternative technologies entering the market like
  fuel cells powering remote homes and possibly
  later telecom systems

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Technology Summary

• Lead acid battery technologies will dominate the
  market in
• medium and long terms
• Alternative power supplies will come for limited
  number of
• applications
• New battery technologies, especially Li-Polymer,
  can
• cover a part of the market if the capacities
  are large
• enough and the price comes down