Plants

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Plants PhotosynthesisA Dr. Production
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Why Study Plants?

• Oxygen? can you breathe?
• Ozone?do you tan, burn or melanoma?
• Carbohydrates? do you have food to eat?
• Fiber? are you regular?
• Wood? where do you live
• Fossil fuels? do you drive or stay warm in the
  winter?
• Latex? ever use plastic?
• Medicines?ever get sick?
• Pitch? do you like your furniture varnished
  painted?
• Resins? ever float a boat?
• Flavors fragrances?do you like tasteful
  aromatic food?
• Jobs

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• Careers in Horticulture
• Pomology-fruits
• Viticulture-grapes
• Enology-wine
• Olericulture-vegetables
• Ornamental Horticulture-landscape plants
• Landscape Architecture-design

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• 1. Vascular tissue? NoBryophyte
• (xylem/phloem) Yes..Tracheophyte, go to 2
• 2. Seeds? NoSeedless plant/Pteridophyte
• Yes..Seed plant, go to 3
• 3. Covered Seeds? NoGymnosperm
• Yes..Angiosperm, go to 4
• 4a. One cotyledon, parallel veins, 3X flowers, 1
  pore pollen, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous
  roots
• Yes.monocot
• 4b. Two cotyledons, netted veins, 4X/5X flowers,
  gt3 pored pollen, ringed vascular bundles,
  taproots
• Yes....dicot

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What types of plants are there?
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Alternation of Generations

• Plants (as all sexually reproducing organisms)
  spend part of their life haploid (gametophyte)
  and part of their life diploid (sporophyte).

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Avascular Plants Mosses, Hornworts Liverworts
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Life Cycle of a Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, Club mosses,
Horsetails and Whisk ferns Ferns are seedless
plants whose flagellated sperm require moisture
to reach the egg
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The life cycle of a fern
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Figure 29.11xa Life cycle of a fern mature fern
(diploid sporophyte)
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Life cycle of a fern gametophyte
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Seedless plants formed vast coal forests

• Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated
  ancient forests
• Their remains formed coal

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Female gametophyte (n)
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Haploid spore cells inovule develop intofemale
gametophyte,which makes egg.
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Male gametophyte (pollen)grows tube to egg
andmakes and releases sperm.
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Male gametophyte(pollen grain)
HAPLOID
MEIOSIS
Fertilization
DIPLOID
Scale
Sporangium(2n)
Ovule
Seedcoat
Zygote(2n)
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Pollination
Embryo(2n)
Integument
HAPLOIDPollen grains(malegametophytes)(n)
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Female conebears ovules.
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Zygote developsinto embryo, andovule
becomesseed.
MEIOSIS
Seed
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Male cone producesspores by meiosisspores
develop intopollen grains
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Seed falls toground and germinates,and embryo
grows into tree.
Sporophyte
Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
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Stigma
Egg (n)
2
Haploid spore in eachovule develops intofemale
gametophyte,which produces egg.
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Pollinationandgrowthof pollentube
Pollengrain
Pollentube
Ovule
1
Haploid sporesin anthers developinto pollen
grains male gametophytes.
Sperm
Pollen (n)
HAPLOID
Meiosis
Fertilization
DIPLOID
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Zygote(2n)
Seedcoat
Food supply
Seeds
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Ovary
Seed germinates,and embryo grows into plant.

Ovule
Embryo(2n)
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Seed
Sporophyte
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Fruit
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
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• Bryophytes
• Tracheophytes
• Seedless Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

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What is it?

• 1. 6.
• 2. 7.
• 3. 8.
• 4. 9.
• 5. 10.

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What is Photosynthesis?

• Photosynthesis is using light energy from the sun
  to make sugar
• Light E CO2 H2O ? C6H12O6 O2

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• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of
  autotrophs

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• Light Reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane
  of the chloroplast

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• Light reactions use light energy and water to
  produce ATP
• Hydrogen (NADPH)
• Oxygen (as waste)

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• The dark reactions are also called the Calvin
  Cycle or Carbon Fixation

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• Dark reactions occur in the stroma of the
  chloroplasts

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• They use energy to store it in the form of a
  sugar for later use

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• Special plants called C4 plants, or CAM plants
  have specialized systems of photosynthesis

CAM.qt
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Leaf Anatomy
LeafWeb qt Anatomy
derm
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Opening Closing of Stomata
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Stem Anatomy
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Transport through Vascular Tissue

• Xylem? Wxyz Water
• Phloem? phood by photosynthesis

FoodWeb qt Source Sink
WaterPlantsWebqt Water movement
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Root Anatomy
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Root Anatomy
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Flowers

• The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm
  reproduction
• Double Fertilization

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Fruit
ripening.qt Tomatoes

• After fertilization the ovary matures into a
  fruit. In general fruits may be classified as
  simple, aggregate or multiple ).
• Angiosperm fruit has 2 functions
• 1. Protect the seeds during their maturation2.
  Effectively disperse the mature seeds

seed.qt
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The structure of a fruit reflects its function in
seed dispersal

• Fruits are adaptations that disperse seeds

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• At 619 p.m. on Wednesday, Joanne Shaw, of
  McAlester, called the McAlester Police Department
  and reported that her granddaughter, and various
  vehicles at 635 E. Adams Ave., had been shot.
• The shooting had first caused Shaws car alarm
  to go off, then later, when her granddaughter,
  Samantha Lott, went out to the car, she was hit
  three times in the shoulder. Thats when I
  called the police, Shaw explained in an
  interview Friday morning. It sounded like an air
  gun, or BB gun.
• Seven police officers from the McAlester and
  Krebs police departments arrived at the scene
  and, along with several neighbors, began to comb
  the area looking for someone shooting a BB gun.
  We searched the whole block, Shaw explained.
  We thought it was some kids on the rooftop or in
  the trees. It was terrifying.
• During the search for a shooter, one McAlester
  police officer reported being shot in the arm
  while other officers reported that approximately
  25 rounds were hitting the ground near where they
  were standing. But they reported there was no
  sound from the shots being fired.
• It was at this time that the police on the scene
  called in for backup, according to a report filed
  at the McAlester Police Department. The street
  was lined with police cars, Lott said. There
  was nowhere to park. There were so many police
  here.
• The police, and residents, continued to comb the
  area in search of the shooter when Shaws
  neighbor, Brian Cox, told police that he wondered
  if the problem could be coming from his Wisteria
  tree, a plant that has popping seed pods.
  Charles Rogers, a McAlester police officer,
  reported that the officers stood around this
  tree until one of the pods exploded.
• The experience was terrifying at the time, Shaw
  said, but it is funny now. The police said that
  at least it was a good exercise, since they never
  had something like that happen before.

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Seeds

• With double fertilization the following occurs
• 1. The zygote develops into an embryo2. The
  integuments develop into a seed coat 3. The ovary
  develops into a fruit4. The primary endosperm
  nucleus divides to form endosperm

Germin.qt
Maizegr.qt Geotropism
Maizepho.qt Geotropism
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Plant Responses (Tropisms)

• Tropisms vs Taxisms
• Thigmotropism? Physical Contact. Chemotropism?
  Chemicals
• Thermotropism? Temperature Traumotropism?
  Wounding
• Electrotropism? Electricity Skototropism? Dark
• Aerotropism? Oxygen Gravitropism? Gravity
• Phototropism? light
• Plants in Motion
• Tropisms

Mimosa, Sundew
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Plants Can Tell Time

• Circadian Rhythms

Sleep Movements in Legume
Silk Tree
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Plant Defenses

• Physical? thorns, spines, hairs
• Chemical? poisons, irritants, medicines
• Ingestibility?cellulose
• Mechanical? thigmotropism
• Systemic Defense Against Herbivores

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Plant Hormones

• Hormone a chemical substance effective in small
  quantities, that is produced one place and has
  its effects elsewhere
• Auxins?root formation, apical dominance
• Giberellins? seed germination, stem elongation
• Cytokinins? cell division, differentiation
• Abscisic Acid? ab secare plant maturation, leaf
  abscission (what time of year?)
• Ethylene ? leaf abscission, one bad apple
• Plants, Tropisms and Hormones
• Bozeman Plant Control, 2

Cucumber Cytokinins
Strawberry Ripening
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Agriculture is based almost entirely on
angiosperms

• Gymnosperms supply most of our lumber and paper
• Angiosperms provide most of our food
• Fruits, vegetables, and grains
• Angiosperms also provide other important products
• Medications, fiber, perfumes

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Interactions with animals profoundly influenced
angiosperm evolution (Coevolution)

• Angiosperms are a major source of food for
  animals
• Animals also aid plants in pollination and seed
  dispersal

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Connection Plant diversity is a nonrenewable
resource

• 20 of the tropical forests worldwide were
  destroyed in the last third of the 20th century
• The forests of North America have shrunk by
  almost 40 in the last 200 years

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• Some plants in these forests can be used in
  medicinal ways

• More than 25 of prescription drugs are extracted
  from plants

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References

• Plant Anatomy BIO 102
• http//generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/HORT604/Lectur
  eSuppl/AnatomyOrgans/AnatomyOrgans05.htm
• Plants in Motion Movies
• The Life Wire Textbook Animations
• Biology I Tutor Vista Animations
• Plant Curriculum Links
• 4 Types of Plants Video
• The World of Plants Plants People Video
• Science of Life The World of Plants
• Tour of a Plant Cell Study Guide