3.3 Isaac Newton

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3.3 Isaac Newton
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• Born in the same year of Galileos death.
• Orphan since birth. Newton was born three months
  after the death of his father
• Grew up with his grandmother.
• he was a small child his said that he could have
  fit inside a quart mug ( 1.1 litres).
• he never married, being highly engrossed in his
  studies and work.

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Bio

• At the age of 18, his mother attempted to make a
  farmer of him.
• In 1661, he was admitted in Trinity College,
  Cambridge as a sizar.
• He read the books of Copernicus, Kepler
  Galileo.
• 1669, he became a professor of mathematics.
• (1670-1672) he taught Optics.
• 1687, he returned back to mechanics.
• 1704, back to calculus.

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Bio

• Newton was also a member of the Parliament of
  England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but
  according to some accounts his only comments were
  to complain about a cold draught in the chamber
  and request that the window be closed.
• In 1696, Newton moved to London to take up the
  post of warden of the Royal Mint.
• 1701, retired from Cambridge.
• Newton was made President of the Royal Society in
  1703 and an associate of the French Academy of
  Sciences.

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Bio

• n April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a
  royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge.
• 1717, Newton moved the Pound Sterling de
  facto from the silver standard to the gold
  standard.
• Newton died in his sleep in London on 31 March
  1727.
• After his death, Newton's body was discovered to
  have had massive amounts of mercury in it.
• Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's
  eccentricity in late life.

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Mathematics

• In 1704, developed infinitesimal calculus.
  (Leibniz 1684)
• Newton is generally credited with
• the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any
  exponent.
• He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's
  method
• classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of
  degree three in two variables)
• made substantial contributions to the theory
  of finite differences
• was the first to use fractional indices
• He approximated partial sums of the harmonic
  series by logarithms 
• was the first to use power series with confidence
  and to revert power series.

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Optics (1670-1672)

• he observed that color is the result of objects
  interacting with already-colored light rather
  than objects generating the color themselves.
  This is known as Newton's theory of color.

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Components of visible light

• Isaac Newton showed that by shining white light
  through a glass prism it could be separated back
  into its different wavelengths.
• and that a lens and a second prism could
  recompose the multicolored spectrum into white
  light.
• Newtons color disk

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Reflection Telescope

• In 1668, he was able to produce the
  first reflecting telescope.
• It is known as Newtonian Telescope.
• It has many advantages compared to the refracting
  telescope.

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Universality of gravity

• In 1687, returned back to work on Mechanics.
• What makes an apple falls down, is responsible
  for keeping the moon in orbit.
• The moon is always falling toward Earth.
• The moon moves forward in space, at the same
  time.
• It constantly, misses the Earth.

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Weightlessness

• More than 200 years later, his ideas were put in
  action.

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Universal Law of Gravity

• This law works all over the universe.
• G was determined experimentally by Cavendish in
  1797-1798

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Newtons Laws of Motion (1687)

• The Law of Inertia
• In the absence of external forces, when viewed
  from an inertial reference frame, an object at
  rest remains at rest and an object in motion
  continues in motion with a constant velocity
  (that is, with a constant speed in a straight
  line).

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Newtons 2nd Law

• the acceleration of an object is directly
  proportional to the net force acting on it and
  inversely proportional to its mass.

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Newtons 3rd Law

• If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by
  object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and
  opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by
  object 2 on object 1.