Genetic Engineering: Manipulating genes for practical purposes

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Genetic Engineering Manipulating genes for
practical purposes

• Recombinant DNA- DNA made from 2 or more
  different organisms
• Vector-an agent that is used to carry the gene of
  interest into another cell
• Plasmids- circular DNA molecules that can
  replicate independently of the main chromosomes
  of bacteria
• Restriction enzymes- bacterial enzymes that
  recognize and bind to specific short sequences of
  DNA and then cut the DNA at specific nucleotides
  within the sequence

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Steps in Genetic Engineering Experiment

• 1. Cutting DNA- DNA from the organism containing
  the gene of interest and the DNA from the vector
  are cut.
• 2. Making Recombinant DNA-DNA fragments from the
  organism containing the gene of interest are
  combined with the vector
• 3. Cloning-many copies of the gene of interest
  are made
• 4. Screening- cells that have received the
  particular gene of interest are distinguished
  from those that did not take up the vector

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Genetic Engineering of Insulin
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Genetic Engineering of Insulin

• 1. Human insulin gene is cut from DNA and the
  plasmid from the bacteria is cut using
  restriction enzymes.
• 2. Human insulin gene is inserted into the
  bacterial plasmid and then inserted into
  bacteria.
• 3. Gene is cloned when bacteria reproduce by
  binary fission.
• 4. Bacteria with the insulin gene are isolated.

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Electrophoresis

• A technique that uses an electrical field within
  a gel to separate molecules by their size and
  charge.

DNA is negatively charges so move toward positive
pole.The DNA fragments move through the gel with
the smallest DNA fragments moving the fastest
forming a pattern of bands.
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Vaccine

• A solution containing all or part of a harmless
  version of a pathogen ( a disease causing
  microorganism
• Making a Genetically Engineered Vaccine
• Isolate the gene that codes for the herpes
  surface protein
• Insert the gene into a harmless cowpox virus to
  make the cowpox make the herpes surface protein
• Use this modified virus as a vaccine

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Gene Therapy

• A technique that involves putting a healthy copy
  of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy
  of the gene is defective

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DNA fingerprinting

• A pattern of dark bands on photographic film that
  is made when an individuals DNA fragments are
  separated by gel electrophoresis. Probed and then
  exposed to x-ray film.
• Each individual has a unique pattern of banding
  based on how the DNA restriction enzymes cut in
  different lengths.
• Banding patterns can be used for paternity cases,
  crime investigations, and identifying genes that
  cause Huntingtons Disease of sickle-cell anemia.

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Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

• Crop plants can be genetically engineered to add
  favorable characteristics including resistance to
  herbicides and destructive pests
• Genetically engineered growth hormone increases
  milk production in dairy cows and weight gain in
  cattle and hogs
• Cloning of farm animals
• Transgenic animals can be cloned and used to make
  proteins that are useful in medicine.

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• Transgenic animal-has foreign DNA in their cells

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