Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Historical perspective of AP
• Pre-scientific period
• Cavemen intimate knowledge about animal
  anatomy

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Scientific period

• Mesopotamia examined the body
• Records found on cuneiform tablets
• Egypt did dissection for embalming (but not
  systematic examination)

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Eastern (Japan/China) 3000BC

• Herbalists and acupuncture (anatomy)

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Grecian period

• Hippocrates 460-377 BC
• Humoral theory
• health determined by balance of 4 fluids
• Blood (red) liver
• Choler (yellow) yellow bile gall bladder
• Phlegm (white) - lungs
• Melancholy (black) - black bile - spleen
• Key contribution disease was natural,
• not by the gods

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Aristotle 384-322 BC

• Dissection (with embryology and zoology)
• However, there were errors
• Ex. Brain was for cooling the blood

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5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC)

• Anatomy rose as a detailed science
• However, done via human vivisection of prisoners
  or with cadavers
• Herophilus described brain structures spinal
  cord (vivisection of prisoners)
• Erisistratus father of physiology

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Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci anatomy ? cadaver dissection

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17th/18th centuries

• Harvey demonstrated blood circulation
• Leeuwenhoek father of histology designed
  microscope

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19th/20th centuries

• Explosion of anatomical, histological,
  physiological and pharmacological discoveries

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DEFINITIONS

• Anatomy study of the structure and shape of the
  body and body parts
• From the Greek words tomy to cut
• and ana apart
• Physiology study of how the body and its parts
  work or function (systems)
• Growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion,
  metabolism, circulation, absorption, excretion,
  movement

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Other disciplines arise from AP

• Histology study of tissue structure
• Pathology disease processes
• Pathophysiology how the body responds to
  disease
• Pharmacology medicine to repair the imbalance

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How is any living thing organized?

• Definitions-
• 1. Atoms?
• Macromolecules?
• Cells?
• Tissue?
• Organ?
• Organ System?
• Organism-

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MACROMOLECULES
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Macromolecules
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What Elements make up the Human Body?

• 4 Elements make up 96.1 of the human body (by
  mass)
• OXYGEN- 65 in water- used as a gas by every
  cell to oxidated glucose (cellular respiration)
• CARBON- 18.5 primary component of carbohydrates,
  lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• HYDROGEN- 9.5 found in most organic molecules-
  also influences the pH levels of body fluids
• NITROGEN- 3.2 component of proteins and nucleic
  acids

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TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9)

• CALCIUM- (1.5)-salt form found in bones and
  teeth
• PHOSPHORUS- 1 - salt form found in bones and
  teeth- also used in ATP
• POTASSIUM- (0.4)ionic form used to transmit
  nerve impulses
• SULFUR- (0.3)- component of proteins
• SODIUM- ( 0.2) ion used in water balance and
  conduction of nerve impulses

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TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9)

• CHLORINE- (0.2) negative ion in the body-
  electrolytes and nerve impulses
• MAGNESIUM-(0.1) makes up enzymes used in many
  metabolic reactions
• IODINE- (0.1)- needed to make functional thyroid
  hormones
• IRON- (0.1)- in hemoglobin- carries oxygen in
  the blood

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Compounds in the Human Body

• WATER- makes up about two-thirds of the total
  body weight
• 4 functions
• 1. High heat capacity- can absorb and release
  large amounts of heat without changing
  temperature -homeostasis of the body temp.

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WATER

1. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity properties allow
   it to dissolve solids, liquids and gases.
2. CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the essential part
   in hydrolysis reactions which breakdown complex
   sugars and proteins
3. CUSHIONING- examples are cerebrospinal fluid that
   cushion the brain and amniotic fluid that cushion
   a developing fetus

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SALTS

• Mostly calcium and phosphorus are easily ionized
  by water and can conduct electrical currents in
  solution- (electrolytes)

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches contain C, H,
  and O in a certain ratio
• GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is refered to as
  blood sugar
• GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals that stores
  energy- found in the muscles and liver

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LIPIDS

• LIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and H
• PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected to a
  phosphate head (cell membrane)
• NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid
  chains connected to a glycerol molecule- (storage
  of energy) usually found just beneath the skin
  and around body organs

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LIPIDS

• STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C and H
• CHOLESTEROL- found in cell membrane (keeps its
  fluid) used to make vitamin D, used to make sex
  hormones. (estrogen, testosterone)

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PROTEINS

• AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of proteins-
  contains an amine group (Nitrogen atom connected
  with 2 hydrogen atoms) connected to a long
  chain of carbons
• FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures together-
  (tough) examples are Keratin and Collagen

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PROTEINS

• GLOBULAR PROTEINS- functional proteins that are
  mobile and perform biological processes
• Examples are antibodies, hormones (growth
  hormone and insulin), and enzymes

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ENZYMES

• CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction (by
  lowering the activation energy)without become
  part of the chemical reaction-
• Enzymes bind to molecule at specific active sites
  then release after the reaction.
• Enzymes are designated with the suffix -ASE

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks
• 1. adenine
• 2. guanine
• 3. cytosine
• 4. thymine
• 5. uracil
• Form long chains DNA or RNA

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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

• ATP- provides the chemical energy used in all
  cells