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CLEANTECH ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
Like a glowing focal point, the question of how
we should use our energy resources has gained an
unquestioned place on the political agenda.
CleanTech covers energy and environment-related
development aimed at reducing consumption of
natural resources. CleanTech is found in the
sectors of energy, transport, agriculture, air
and water quality. CleanTech companies work with
energy, water treatment, waste management and
materials recycling. Energy is the main component
of CleanTech and the focus of this presentation.
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SWEDISH KNOW-HOW
Preeminent Swedish technological development of
renewable energy has garnered international
attention. Investors in CleanTech are looking at
Sweden, where long-term environmental research
and technology development are the foundations of
innovative energy technologies and where the
know-how required to efficiently integrate the
technologies into society can be found. Decades
of experience with goal-oriented, long-term
initiatives have created expertise, experience
and extraordinary networks. Unlike many other
countries, the Swedish energy research programme
has been distinctly oriented towards renewable
energy and improved energy efficiency for a very
long time. National political mechanisms,
financial support for entrepreneurship, RD and
commitment to sustainable environmental policy
are a few of the explanations. But the open and
accepted climate of cooperation among industry
organisations, politicians and scientists is
another key contributor to Swedens considerable
expertise in CleanTech
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDEN
Sweden is one of the countries in the world that
invests the most per capita in research and
development. CleanTech research is no exception.
Sweden has been making long-term investments in
renewable energy research and technological
development since the oil crisis of the 1970s.
Sweden has also made tremendous progress in
energy efficiency, especially in the industrial
sector. The unmistakable focus has helped make
Sweden a world-leader in many energy and
environment-related fields. Renewable sources
of energy account for 37 of Swedens energy
supply.
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HEAT PUMPS
Geothermal heat is actually pure solar energy,
and the principle is basically very simple. The
technology is based on utilising the solar energy
stored in the ground during the year. Even
climates without a lot of sun suffice to store
enough heat energy underground. A fluid-filled
house is heated underground and collects the
stored heat of the sun. After that, the heat
pumps job is to concentrate the stored heat
energy so that it can heat water in the house
in the tap and the shower as well as radiators.
Heat pumps run on electricity, but the pump
returns several times more heat energy than it
uses.
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WHY ARE HEAT PUMPS A GOOD IDEA?

• It takes only one part electricity to produce
  three parts heat
• New technology yields hotter water and faster
  heat for less money
• Geothermal heat reduces annual electricity
  consumption by 50 to 75 compared to other types
  of heating
• Remote monitoring and control can be managed
  over the Internet
• The heat pump can serve as a climate control
  system and be used for both heating and air
  conditioning

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DISTRICT HEATING
District heating is usually highly
resource-efficient and eco-friendly. A central
district heating plant heats water, which is
transported in a pipeline under high pressure to
a district heating system in each building. Heat
exchangers in the building use the hot water to
heat radiators and hot water tanks. District
heating provides 12 of all heating in
Sweden. District heating plants can be run on a
wide variety of fuel types and take advantage of
energy that would otherwise go to waste, such as
waste heat from industrial processes, forestry
waste and energy recovered from rubbish and
waste. Large-scale combustion yields high
environmental performance and district heating is
very reliable. District heating can generate both
heat and power.
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WHY IS DISTRICT HEATING A GOOD IDEA?

• District heating is usually a resource-efficient
  alternative that utilises a wide variety of fuel
  types and takes advantage of energy that would
  otherwise go to waste. Running heating plants
  with renewable fuels (instead of fossil fuels) is
  a major and important environmental transition.
• Efficient use of surplus industrial heat
• Flexibility and options in fuel choice
• Enables energy recovery from rubbish and
  residual waste
• Cost-effective heating in towns and cities
• Flue gas purification at a single site reduces
  environmental impact
• Reduced carbon dioxide emissions improves air
  quality in towns and cities
• Efficient use of resources through co-generation
  of heat and power
• Extremely reliable

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DISTRICT COOLING
District cooling is based on the same principles
as district heating. Water is chilled and then
distributed in a pipeline to homes, offices,
industrial buildings and other spaces that need
air conditioning. The cold water is pumped around
in a closed system and used to cool the air
circulating in the buildings ventilation system.
The same water is then piped back to the
production facility to be rechilled. The
temperature of the water pumped to buildings is
about 6 C and the return water about 16. The
return water is heated as much as possible as
rooms and processes are cooled. Sweden is
benefiting from system expertise in district
heating as well as the expansive technology
infrastructure.
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WHY IS DISTRICT COOLING A GOOD IDEA?

• District cooling provides a consistent and
  comfortable indoor climate year-round, while
  reducing energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.
• Costs less than local cooling systems
• Highly reliable
• Consistently high comfort in commercial spaces
  and buildings
• No noise from alternative cooling systems
• Limited maintenance
• No need to store or handle environmentally
  hazardous refrigerants and chemicals
• Flexible adaptation for both comfort cooling and
  process cooling
• Natural cold can be utilised in many cases,
  resulting in minimal energy consumption
• District cooling and district heating production
  can be combined for more resource-efficient
  operation

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SOLAR ENERGY
Sunlight can be used to produce heat or
electricity. Solar cells (photovoltaics) are used
to generate electricity. Silicon-based solar
cells are currently the most widely used
technology. There are metal contacts on both
sides of the solar cell. When sunlight strikes
the solar cell, a charge arises between the front
and back sides. A solar cell produces a charge
of about one half volt. The cell continues
generating electricity as long as the light
strikes it, but stops instantly in darkness.
Solar cells are often assembled in solar modules
that can be linked to produce higher voltage.
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WHY IS SOLAR ENERGY A GOOD IDEA?
The suns energy is so abundant that once we have
learned how to use it economically, energy supply
will no longer be a problem. Sweden has been
involved in developing various solar energy
technologies for many years that can be
successfully combined with other technologies.
The results have been superb, since conditions
vary from one environment to the next. For
instance, there are now hybrid technologies that
solve the problem of lighting in places where
conventional infrastructure is unavailable, like
forests, rural areas or mountainous
areas. Integration of solar electricity and
solar heating modules a hybrid technoogy that
supplies waste heat and enhances
efficiency. Solar electricity and heat pump
technology a hybrid technology powerful enough
to make single-family homes energy
self-sufficient Solar cells, new battery
technology and LED lighting a hybrid technology
for environments where there is no power line
infrastructure. On-grid solar cells and solar
heating systems connected to the district heating
network large hybrid systems that are a superb
choice for heating in sunny countries.
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WIND POWER
Wind power turbines utilise the energy in wind to
generate power. Wind arises when the sun warms
the atmosphere and creates temperature
differences. This produces pressure differences
that set air masses in motion. Modern wind
turbines capture about one third of the power in
the wind that passes through the rotors swept
area. The blades on a wind turbine look something
like a propeller and are linked to a generator
that converts movement to energy. Wind is an
almost infinite resource and creates no pollution.
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WHY IS WIND POWER A GOOD IDEA?

• Wind power has many advantages from the
  environmental standpoint the raw material is
  renewable and requires no permanent alterations
  to the environment.
• Very limited environmental impact
• Production causes no environmentally harmful
  emissions
• There are no hazardous residual products and
  final storage is not required
• There are no fuel costs involved in production
• Production requires no transport of raw
  materials
• A standard wind turbine produces more energy in
  less than six months than it took to manufacture
  it

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LED LIGHTING
LED Lighting Emitting Diode is a young
lighting technology that emerged in the 2000s,
but is developing at warp speed. In another ten
years or so, it is highly likely that most of our
indoor and outdoor lighting will be powered by
LED technology. LEDs can withstand major
temperature variations, providing an enormous
range of applications, since installations are
not affected by the climate or the season LEDs
are semiconductors that directly convert electric
current to light. The diodes emit colored light
red, orange, yellow, green or blue. White light
is created using a special LED technology and is
becoming more common all the time.
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WHY IS LED LIGHTING A GOOD IDEA?

• LED is an entirely new generation of lighting
  technology that is set to revolutionise the world
  in the next ten years. The technology has
  superior competitive advantages compared to
  low-energy light bulbs and incandescent bulbs.
• LEDs have a lifetime of about 100,000 hours,
  which is a hundred times longer than a
  conventional light bulb.
• The diodes are extremely energy efficient. About
  50 of the energy in an LED is expended as light.
  In an ordinary light bulb, about 95 of the
  energy is expended as heat and only 5 as light.
• LED lamps do not get as hot as halogen lamps.
  That makes LED lighting ideal for bookshelves and
  other cramped spaces that should not be allowed
  to overheat.
• LEDs contain no environmentally hazardous
  substances like lead or mercury.

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CLEANTECH AN INDUSTRY FOR THE FUTURE
Interest in environmental innovations is rising
steadily as global climate problems become more
urgent. CleanTech is considered one of the most
important industries of the future. The OECD
estimates that the world environmental technology
market will be worth about 644 billion in
2010. The European Commission has proposed
targets to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
by at least 20 and increase the share of energy
consumption from renewable sources to 20 by
2020, in accordance with the agreement made by EU
Heads of State in March 2007. The relatively
large percentage of renewable energy in the
Swedish energy system is an outstanding
achievement. About one fourth of Swedish
consumption comes from renewable sources of
energy. One example is the transport sector in
Stockholm, where 25 of bus traffic in runs on
ethanol or biogas.
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HEAT PUMPS
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HEAT PUMPS USE THE FREE ENERGY NATURE PROVIDES
Geothermal heat is actually pure solar energy,
and the principle is very simple. The technology
is based on utilising the solar energy stored in
the ground during the year. Even climates without
a lot of sun suffice to store enough heat energy
underground. A fluid-filled house is heated
underground and collects the stored heat of the
sun. After that, the heat pumps job is to
concentrate the stored heat energy so that it can
heat water in the house in the tap and the
shower as well as radiators. Heat pumps run on
electricity, but the pump returns two to four
times more heat energy than it uses.
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SWEDISH GEOTHERMAL HEAT IS A FORCE TO BE
RECKONED WITH

• We have tremendous experience with geothermal
  heat in Sweden and more heat pumps are installed
  here than anywhere else in the world. Thanks to
  all the residential and industrial installations,
  tried-and-true Swedish geothermal heat technology
  is ready for export.
• Long-term research and development since the
  1970s
• Highly trained consultancies and certified
  installers
• The large number of installations (500,000) has
  created a platform for independent researchers
  and developers
• The Swedish Energy Agency in partnership with
  the SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
  have carried out several independent tests of
  different heat pumps
• Sweden has the highest number of installed
  geothermal heat pumps in the world

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GEOTHERMAL HEAT A BRILLIANT, EFFICIENT IDEA

• Even climates without a lot of sun suffice to
  store enough heat energy underground. The heat
  pump can be used for both heating and air
  conditioning.
• It takes only one part electricity to produce
  three parts heat
• RPM control reduces energy consumption
• New technology yields hotter water and faster
  heat for less money
• Geothermal heat reduces annual electricity
  consumption by 50 to 75
• Remote monitoring and control can be managed
  over the Internet

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THE TREND IS STILL MOVING UP
The fact that geothermal heat is financially
advantageous has driven the installation rate for
geothermal heat pumps in Sweden to new heights in
the 2000s. A similar trend worldwide is highly
likely. Todays market, characterised by high
prices for oil and electricity and carbon dioxide
taxes, is favourable and is hastening the
technical development of heat pumps. Mechanisms
such as conversion grants and public/private
partnerships have had a powerful impact on the
positive development. Technology procurements
have stimulated the development of new technology
to get new products, systems and processes to
market. The outcome of the 1994 technology
procurement for heat pumps was an estimated
potential savings of 5 to 6 TWh/year for the
Nordic countries over 15 years.
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GEOTHERMAL HEAT IS REPLACING OIL
The Johansson family of two adults and their
teenage son live in a single-storey house with a
basement in Torshälla, a small town in central
Sweden. They heated their home with an electric
oil and wood-fired boiler for 15 years. The house
is 95 sq m, built of concrete with a wood facade.
It took about 30 kWh/year to heat the house with
the electric boiler. In spring 2005, the
Johanssons installed a geothermal heat pump and
cut their electricity consumption in half. Now it
takes only 14 kWh of electricity a year for
heating and the Johanssons think their home has
felt especially warm and cosy ever since. As an
added bonus, the heat pump is much easier to
maintain than the boiler.
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A SELECTION OF SWEDISH GEOTHERMAL HEAT COMPANIES

• THERMIA
• NIBE
• IVT
• CTC
• EVIHeat
• ClimateWell

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THERMIA
Thermia Värme AB is one of the larger
manufacturers of heat pumps in Europe. Thermia is
part of Danfoss Heat Pumps. With especially
powerful expansion in Germany and France, Thermia
is also experiencing robust international growth
in England, Ireland and Denmark. The companys
goal is to be the European market leader by 2009.
Business direction Geothermal heat pumps with
integrated high-temperature water heaters. RPM
control of circulation pumps minimises energy
consumption and maximises heat production. The
heat pumps can be easily managed and monitored
remotely via the Internet and text messaging.
At a glance Annual sales SEK 473 million
(2005) Contact details www.thermia.se
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NIBE INDUSTRIER
NIBE Industrier is divided into three business
units. NIBE Heating manufactures domestic heating
products, including heat pumps. The companys
mission is to supply the market with high-quality
and innovative heating products. NIBE Heating has
19 subsidiaries in Europe. NIBE Industrier is
listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (O list).
Business direction Geothermal heat pumps with
integrated water heaters that do not require
auxiliary electric heater cartridges. This is
accomplished through intelligent control of an
RPM-controlled compressor and circulation pumps.
The heat pumps can be easily managed and
monitored remotely via the Internet and text
messaging. At a glance Annual sales SEK 2.5
billion (2006) Contact details www.nibe.se
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IVT
The IVT Group does business in the energy and
environmental goods and services sector. Their
business concept is to supply heat and cooling in
a way that saves energy and conserves the
environment more effectively than other energy
solutions. IVT possesses system expertise in
energy solutions where the solar energy stored in
rock, soil water and outdoor air is used and the
energy in exhaust air is recovered. IVT is a
subsidiary of Division Thermotechnik, Bosch
Group. Business direction IVT PremiumLine X15.
Geothermal heat pump with RPM control. Provides
unlimited heat, 4.5 17 kW. Auxiliary
electricity not required. The patented scroll
compressor yields high output, quiet operation
and long service life. Savings up to 14 higher
than equivalent heat pumps that do not have RPM
control. At a glance Annual sales SEK 1.3
million (2006) Contact details www.ivt.se
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CTC
CTCs business philosophy is to develop,
manufacture and market burners, boilers and heat
pumps along with devices, equipment and
components for heating systems and industrial
applications. CTC is a division of Enertech AB
Sweden, a subsidiary of Enertech Limited. The
Enertech AB Sweden Group also includes Bentone
and Osby Parca. Business direction Energy from
the sun can be used to supplement the heat pump
via an outdoor heat exchanger connected to the
CTC EcoHeat pump or the EcoAir air/water pump
together with the CTC EcoEl for a free addition
of the most eco-friendly energy imaginable. At
a glance Annual sales (Enertech AB) SEK 805
million (2006) Contact details www.ctcvarme.se
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EVI HEAT
Heat pumps from EVI Heat are developed and
manufactured by SIPS AB, Sweden. The company has
annual sales of SEK 50 million. SIPS AB was
founded in 1991 and is part of the EVI Group,
located in southern Sweden. Business
direction EviHeat manufactures solar heat pumps
that are run in parallel with geothermal or other
heat pumps. Augmenting the system with a solar
heat pump usually covers the buildings entire
heating and hot water requirement. At a
glance Annual sales SEK 50 million Contact
details www.eviheat.se
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CLIMATEWELL
ClimateWell develops solar-powered heat-pump
climate systems that provide both heating and
cooling. The company operates in Sweden, Finland,
Madrid and Italy and exports to several countries
including Spain, Italy and Germany. ClimateWell
has a patent on TCA technology in about 30
countries, which applies to the entire solution.
The company believes there will be several
different markets for TCA, including large-scale
applications, but first and foremost, the
single-family home market. Business
direction ClimateWell uses solar heating for air
conditioning. The technology is called Thermo
Chemical Accumulator, or TCA, which involves
storing energy from solar panels in a battery
of salt, which can be saved and extracted as
either cold or heat. At a glance Annual sales
SEK 1 million (2006) Contact details
www.climatewell.se
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HEAT PUMPS A POWERFUL ALTERNATIVE
Heat pumps are an eco-friendly alternative that
reduce the use of electric heat, oil and gas. The
heat pump is especially eco-friendly when the
electricity is produced using green methods like
hydropower, wind power or biomass-fired
co-generation. The fact that the heating
principle is financially advantageous has driven
the installation rate for geothermal heat pumps
to new heights in the 2000s. Heat pumps collect
both heat and cold from the soil, which is
extremely useful in many countries with a warmer
climate. This is also evident in the strong
growth in the heat pump market in France, Germany
and England. China has also begun using heat
pumps.
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DISTRICT HEATING
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DISTRICT HEATING A CLOSED SYSTEM THAT RECOVERS
ENERGY
District heating is a highly resource-efficient
and eco-friendly source of heat. A central
district heating plant heats water, which is
transported in a pipeline under high pressure to
a district heating system in each building.
Heat exchangers in the building use the hot
water to heat radiators and hot water tanks.
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DISTRICT HEATING PRINCIPLE
District heating plants utilise a wide variety of
fuel types and take advantage of energy that
would otherwise go to waste, such as waste heat
from industrial processes, forestry waste and
energy recovered from rubbish and waste. The
technology is uncomplicated and very reliable.
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SWEDEN IS THE WORLD LEADER IN DISTRICT HEATING

• Sweden is the world leader in district heating.
  Consistent and relatively high environmental
  taxes on fossil fuels and openness to new
  solutions in the energy sector have driven
  technological progress and sharply reduced the
  use of fossil fuels.
• The transition from individual systems to large
  district heating plants has reduced emissions of
  nitric oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulates.
  Swedish carbon dioxide emissions have dropped by
  20.
• A long history of building knowledge about how
  common systems should be built and maintained
• Energy companies with tremendous financial
  endurance
• Four-fifths of the heat used in Swedish district
  heating networks is based on energy that would
  otherwise have gone to waste

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SWEDISH DISTRICT HEATING FROM A GLOBAL
PERSPECTIVE
Swedish consultants have unique system expertise
in relation to feasibility studies and planning
district heating systems and are frequently
called upon for projects run by organisations
like European Bank and the World Bank. Several
SWEHeat companies have been involved in recent
years in the modernisation and expansion of
district heating plants and networks in Eastern
and Central Europe. Swedish experts have been
used in North America for planning and operation
of several district heating plants. China has
used Swedish technology to manufacture insulated
pipes and for a range of other district heating
products. Swedish district heating technology is
solidly established in Europe.
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DISTRICT HEATING A RESOURCE-EFFICIENT
ALTERNATIVE

• District heating utilises a wide variety of fuel
  types and takes advantage of energy that would
  otherwise go to waste. Running heating plants
  with renewable fuels is a major and important
  environmental transition.
• Efficient use of surplus industrial heat
• Flexibility and options in fuel choice
• Enables energy recovery from rubbish and
  residual waste
• Cost-effective heating in towns and cities
• Flue gas purification at a single site reduces
  environmental impact
• Reduced carbon dioxide emissions and cleaner air
  in towns and cities
• Efficient use of resources through co-generation
  of heat and power
• The technology is uncomplicated and extremely
  reliable

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STOCKHOLM A GREEN LEADER AMONG WORLD CAPITALS
District heating produces about 75 of the heat
required to keep Stockholm warm. The high
percentage has made Stockholm a green leader
among world capitals. Stockholm is growing and
district heating is growing right along with it.
Högdalenverket is one of the biggest district
heating plants in Europe. The household waste
produced by the people of Stockholm is burned
here and converted to electricity and district
heating. Over the years, this has contributed to
sharp reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide
and other harmful substances. Every year,
Högdalenverket takes in 500,000 tonnes of
household waste and 200,000 tonnes of sorted
industrial waste, which is converted to 450 GWh
of electricity and 1,700 GWh of district heating
for a quarter million Swedes.
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REFERENCE SITES
District heating has been used in Sweden for more
than fifty years, and today there are more than
200 district heating systems. They range in size,
from the smallest, which sell about 5 GWh a year
up to the biggest, which sell more than 7 TWh
(7,000 GWh) a year.
Waste to CHP Completed in 2006, Jönköping Power
100 GWh a year Heat 350 GWh a year
Straw-fired hot water plant Sotenäs,
Skaraborg Heat 20 GWh a year
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A SELECTION OF SWEDISH DISTRICT HEATING COMPANIES
Boiler Plant Equipment Petrokraft VEÅ Control and Automation Energy Opticon TAC
Heat Exchangers Alfa Laval Armatec SWEP International Valves, Pipes and Fittings Powerpipe Systems Alvenius Industriarmatur ARI Mittel Fjärrvärme TAC Armatec
Heat Metering Metrima (Pre)insulated Pipes Alstom Power FlowSystems Powerpipe Systems
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A SELECTION OF SWEDISH DISTRICT HEATING COMPANIES
Consultants FVB District Energy Göteborg Energi International SWECO International ÅF-Energi Miljö Management Support Energy Opticon FVB District Energy SWECO International ÅF-Energi Miljö
Official Bodies Swedish District Heating Association Swedish Energy Agency Swedish Trade Council District Heating Operators Göteborg Energi International Mälarenergi Tekniska Verken in Linköping Umeå Energi Öresundskraft
Research and Development Lund Institute of Technology Substations Alfa Laval Armatec SWEP International
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FVB DISTRICT ENERGY
Founded in 1970, the company has been expanding
in the energy sector ever since. FVB District
Energy is investing in research and has been
providing training in district heating to the
international market for many years. Business
direction Consultancy and turnkey projects
related to heating, cogeneration and industrial
processes. Also provides advanced services of a
strategic nature - often at the management
level. At a glance Annual sales SEK 82,7
million (2006) Contact details www.fvb.com
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SWECO INTERNATIONAL
SWECO International is the foremost consultancy
firm in Scandinavia and possesses solid expertise
in the fields of engineering, the environment and
architecture. Business direction SWECOs
consultants work in all areas of the energy
supply chain from production to distribution and
consumption. The objective is to help develop a
cost-effective and sustainable energy supply
system with long-term concern for the
environment. At a glance Annual sales SEK 163
million Contact details www.sweco.se
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ÅF-ENERGI MILJÖ
ÅF is a leading engineering consultancy whose
knowledge is based on a century of experience,
with specialised and general expertise in process
and civil engineering and technical
estimates. Business direction Combined with
qualified project management, ÅF can take on any
kind of civil engineering project - from planning
buildings and entire industrial facilities, to
specialised planning within the various
disciplines. The company manages the full
spectrum of supplying heat to people and
industrial processes. At a glance Annual sales
SEK 3.1 billion (2006) Contact details
www.afconsult.com
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RISING TO FUTURE CHALLENGES
District heating is a highly versatile system
that can be produced using the technique and
fuels that are optimal for the time and place.
International interest in district heating is
rising fast and the potential benefit to the
global climate may be enormous. Simply by
doubling the use of district heating in Europe,
the EU could meet its commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol by a wide margin. Opportunities to
expand CHP in Europe are particularly favourable.
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DISTRICT COOLING
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DISTRICT COOLING A TECHNOLOGY WITH MINIMAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
District cooling is based on the same principles
as district heating. Water is chilled and then
distributed in a pipeline to homes, offices,
industrial buildings and other spaces that need
air conditioning. The cold water is pumped
around in a closed system and used to cool the
air circulating in the buildings ventilation
system. The same water is then piped back to the
production facility to be rechilled. The
cooling may even consist of natural cold taken
from cold water layers deep in lakes, rivers or
the ocean. Snow stockpiles saved from the winter
can also be used in district cooling
systems. See principle ?
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DISTRICT COOLING PRINCIPLE
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SWEDEN IS A PIONEERING COUNTRY IN DISTRICT
COOLING
Swedens first district cooling plant went
operational in 1992. Today, there are about
thirty plants producing district cooling in
Sweden. Studies show that total demand for
district cooling equals about 2000-5000 GWh.
District cooling replaces used to run
individual air conditioners, which goes
hand-in-hand with lower operating costs and
better environmental performance. Swedish
district cooling companies have laid a strong
foundation for building systems in the form of
pipelines. The district cooling companies are
turnkey contractors who supply the entire heating
and air conditioning requirement.
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THE SMART WAY TO PRODUCE COOLING

• District cooling provides a consistent and
  comfortable indoor climate year-round, while
  reducing energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.
• Costs less than e.g. compressor-driven air
  conditioning
• Highly reliable
• Consistently high comfort in commercial spaces
  and buildings
• No noise from alternative cooling systems
• Limited maintenance
• No need to store or handle environmentally
  hazardous refrigerants and chemicals
• Flexible adaptation for both comfort cooling and
  process cooling

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DISTRICT COOLING IS MAKING STRIDES

• The growing numbers of computers in the workplace
  and the realisation that comfort cooling
  increases productivity have brought greater
  demands for a comfortable climate at work. As a
  result, the need for eco-friendly and
  cost-effective comfort solutions is increasing
  every year and the market is growing rapidly.
• 10 of global electricity production is used for
  cooling
• 16 of US electricity production is used for
  cooling
• More than 80 of buildings in the US and Japan
  are air-conditioned. The figure is less than 50
  elsewhere in the world, but is rising fast
• The EU expects district cooling to provide 25
  of the requirement by 2020

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THE HEATING PLANT IS COOLING LINKÖPING
The regional utility company, Tekniska Verken,
supplies district cooling in two large networks
in central Linköping. The absorption heat
principle is used to produce the cooling in the
large central plants that run on district
heating. Technological progress has now made it
also profitable to build small local networks
with compact air conditioning systems that run on
district heating. Tekniska Verken is now
offering the solution to buildings that are not
connected to the main district heating networks.
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REFERENCES
Zuidas 76 MW, project started 2003 and in
operation July - 2006
Zuidoost lob 60 MW, project started 2005 and
scheduled to begin operation first half - 2008
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A SELECTION OF SWEDISH DISTRICT COOLING COMPANIES
Consulting Management Support FVB District Energy ÅF-Energi Miljö Capital Cooling Europe AB Valves, Pipes and Fittings Powerpipe Systems Meters Metrima
Official Bodies Swedish District Heating Association Swedish Energy Agency Swedish Trade Council Heat Exchangers Alfa Laval District Cooling Operators Fortum Göteborg Energi Norrenergi Mälarenergi Tekniska Verken i Linköping Öresundskraft
RD Education Lund Institute of Technology KTH Chalmers Substations Alfa Laval Armatec SWEP International
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CAPITAL COOLING (CCE)
CCE focuses on the European market for District
Cooling. The company sets up and implements
business projects with robust, sustainable
features. Including current projects, Capital
Cooling Europe has developed about 20 projects
with a corresponding investment volume of about
350 million euro. Business direction Total
concept for BOT (Build Own Transfer), including
financial solutions Management consulting Partner
Strategy (Implement DC business units in local
energy companies) At a glance Annual sales SEK
35 million References Contact details
www.capitalcooling.se
59
FVB DISTRICT ENERGY
Founded in 1970, the company has been expanding
in the energy sector ever since. FVB District
Energy is investing in research and has been
providing training in district heating to the
international market for many years. Business
direction Consultancy and turnkey projects
related to heating, cogeneration and industrial
processes. Also provides advanced services of a
strategic nature - often at the management
level. At a glance Annual sales SEK 82,7
million (2006) Contact details www.fvb.se
60
ÅF-ENERGI MILJÖ
ÅF is a leading engineering consultancy whose
knowledge is based on a century of experience,
with specialised and general expertise in process
and civil engineering and technical
estimates. Business direction Combined with
qualified project management, ÅF can take on any
kind of civil engineering project - from planning
buildings and entire industrial facilities to
specialised planning within the various
disciplines. The company has special expertise in
district cooling. At a glance Annual sales SEK
3.1 billion (2006) Contact details
www.afconsult.com
61
RISING TO FUTURE CHALLENGES
Future climate changes combined with rising
demands for personal comfort are continually
increasing the need for air conditioning all over
the world. Thanks to its superior system function
and resource efficiency, district cooling has an
excellent chance of becoming a key component of
the energy system of the future.
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63
SOLAR ENERGY
64
THE SUN THE CLEANEST ENERGY SOURCE
The sun is a clean source of energy. Solar energy
emits no toxic emissions or hazardous waste and
demands no energy to produce energy. Solar
energy can be used to generate both heat and
electricity. The easiest way to generate solar
heating is to let the sun heat water in a solar
collector.
65
THE SUN THE CLEANEST ENERGY SOURCE
Solar cells convert sunlight directly to
electricity. The solar cell is made of a
semiconductor material with metal contacts on
both sides, front and back. When sunlight
strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked
loose and are moved by a voltage difference
between the front and back sides of the solar
cell, creating electricity. The process
continues as long as the light is striking the
solar cell, but stops instantly in darkness.
66
OUTSTANDING SWEDISH RESEARCH IN PHOTOVOLTAIC
TECHNOLOGY
Sweden has wide-ranging research expertise in
photovoltaic (solar cell) energy. Several
multinational owner-operated companies are using
and further developing Swedish research findings.
The Ångström Solar Center is supporting
research. The national co-financed SolEl
programme for PV systems and applications is the
foundation of Swedish research and development in
the field. SolEl is a joint effort of the energy,
construction and manufacturing sectors. Governmen
t investment grants are providing a platform for
developing on-grid PV systems in public
buildings. Sweden also grants funding for
installation of PV systems, in addition to the
long-standing grant programme for installation of
solar collectors. Grants are also available for
PV systems integrated in new buildings.
67
HYBRIDS OF SOLAR AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
Sweden has been developing various types of
hybrid technologies for many years. For instance,
these solutions are being used successfully in
environments where conventional power
infrastructure is unavailable, such as forests,
remote rural areas and mountainous
areas. Integration of solar electricity and
solar heating modules a hybrid technoogy that
supplies waste heat and enhances
efficiency. Solar cells, new battery technology
and LED lighting a hybrid technology for
environments where there is no power line
infrastructure. Solar energy offers a good
alternative in places that lack reliable energy
supply, such as rural areas in developing
countries. The need and the potential are huge,
especially since sun conditions in these places
are often ideal.
68
SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IS HUGE, ESPECIALLY IN
SUNNY COUNTRIES

• For a long time, it simply was not profitable to
  utilise solar energy except in places where there
  was no conventional power infrastructure. But the
  technology is advancing rapidly and vigorous
  support programmes have stimulated powerful
  market growth.
• Solar energy accounted for less than one
  half-thousandth of world energy consumption in
  2000. That figure is expected to increase to 20
  by 2025.
• The PV market has grown by about 40 a year in
  the 2000s.
• EU target 200 GW solar cells out of an
  estimated worldwide total of 1,000 GW by 2030.
• Production costs are declining steadily as new
  technology is developed and production increases.
  
• Consumer prices for solar energy are expected to
  drop by half in ten years. Estimated cost of
  solar energy in southern Europe 0.15/kW in
  2015, 0.06/kW in 2030.
• Thin-film technology is lowering costs by about
  80.
• Access to venture capital is abundant.

69
PV CELLS AN ECO-FRIENDLY AND RELIABLE
ALTERNATIVE

• The suns resources are abundant and unlimited,
  which makes solar energy a very interesting
  alternative in the energy system of the future.
• Sunlight is converted directly to electricity,
  with no moving parts and nothing consumed.
• PV modules can fill multiple functions, such as
  replacing roof or facade materials or doing
  double duty as shades.
• Maintenance costs are low.
• Reliable technology, output guarantee on the
  modules (80 after 25 years). There are systems
  in Sweden still working beautifully after a
  quarter century.
• The technology can be attractively integrated
  with the built environment.
• Simple and modular, the technology can be
  adapted to preferred requirements.

70
VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPMENT
Silicon-based solar cells are currently the most
widely used technology for converting solar
energy to electricity. The maximum efficiency of
conversion is 15 to16. Although reliable solar
cell systems are commercially available today,
further research and development is needed to
reduce the costs and make large-scale
distribution of solar cells possible. Research
and development of several new solar cell
technologies with the potential to improve
efficiency and lower production costs are in
progress all over the world. The development of
thin-film PV cells (second-generation solar
cells) has brought new technologies that are
starting to break into the market. In parallel,
development of third-generation solar cells, such
as Grätzel cells, is in progress.
71
SOLAR ENERGY IS A VIABLE CHOICE
University Student Union, 25 kW, Aug 2006
Bjurslätt Senior Citizen Housing, 5 kW, Aug 2006
Allé School, Hallsberg, 40 kW, Dec 2005
Mellanhed School, 35 kW, Feb 2007
72
SOLAR CELLS AT MELLANHED SCHOOL
There are 251 m2 of solar cells installed at
Mellanhed School in Malmö, with peak output of 31
kW. The PV modules are installed above the
windows, meaning they also work as shades. The
decision to install solar cells to protect
students and teachers from the glare of the sun
was taken in connection with an interior
refurbishment. The system went operational in
January 2007. Mellanhed Schools PV system won
the Solar Energy Association of Swedens 2007
Solar Energy Award in 2007, with the following
citation   An architecturally well-integrated
PV system of modules adapted to work as shades in
connection with refurbishment. The system is
designed for high energy efficiency while
improving the indoor climate. The choice to
install the system at a school also gives it high
educational value.
73
A SELECTION OF SWEDISH SOLAR CELL COMPANIES

• ArcticSolar AB
• Gällivare Photovoltaic AB (GPV)
• PV Enterprise Sweden AB
• Solibro
• n67solar

74
ARCTIC SOLAR
In Laponia, under the midnight sun and the polar
sky, the sun plays a special part in our lives.
Perhaps that is why we are so good at making
solar modules, which provide eco-friendly energy
to people all over the world. Business
direction Clean, eco-friendly energy from the
land of the midnight sun! At a glance Annual
sales SEK 30 million Contact details
www.arcticsolar.se
75
GÄLLIVARE PHOTOVOLTAIC AB
Gällivare Photovoltaic AB (GPV) is a wholly owned
subsidiary of Solar World AG, a large German
corporation with more than 1,350 employees in ten
locations. GPV manufactures about 20 MW of PV
panels a year, with 92 exported to Germany and
the remainder sold in the Scandinavian market.
Business direction GPV is the first and biggest
producer of photovoltaic modules in Scandinavia.
At a glance Annual sales SEK 500
million Contact details www.gpv-solar.com
76
PV ENTERPRISE SWEDEN
PV Enterprise is successfully competing in the
rapidly growing international market for solar
energy with innovative, high-quality products and
highly automated production. Business
direction PV Enterprise is a Swedish company that
specialises in developing and manufacturing
photovoltaic panels. At a glance Annual sales
SEK 70 million Contact details
www.pv-enterprise.com
77
SOLIBRO
Solibro is a spin-off of the Ångström Solar
Center in Uppsala, Sweden, a centre of
world-leading research on this type of solar
cells for many years. Business direction Solibro
develops thin-film solar cells, based on a
compound semiconductor known as CIGS. Solibro
supplies thin-film solar cell modules with a very
high efficiency (16.6), based on the research of
the Ångström Solar Center. At a glance Annual
sales USD 0.5 million Contact details
www.solibro.se
78
N67 SOLAR
Our mission at n67solar is simple To provide
high-end crystalline photovoltaic modules of
consistent quality, in large volumes and at fair
prices, while meeting our obligations to our
partners reliably and punctually, upstream and
downstream. Business direction n67solar
manufactures large crystalline photovoltaic
modules for on-grid systems, BIPV and stand-alone
applications. At a glance Employees About 30
(2008) Contact details www.n67solar.se
79
THE FUTURE OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is probably the most important
alternative for the energy system of the future.
Technology is developing very rapidly, thanks to
successful research, tougher environmental
policies worldwide and good access to venture
capital. Far more than a billion people still
have no access to electricity. In the future,
solar energy is probably going to play a crucial
role in their lives. New hybrid technologies are
expanding the possibilities for using solar
energy. Swedish research and technology are far
and away the leaders in this area, with products
and technologies that have a sterling reputation
in the global market.
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81
WIND POWER
82
WIND POWER AN INFINITE ENERGY RESOURCE
A wind turbine is completely dependent on the
wind. When the sun warms the atmosphere, it
creates temperature differences. This in turn
produces pressure differences that set air masses
in motion and the wind starts to blow.
83
WIND POWER AN INFINITE ENERGY RESOURCE
Modern wind turbines capture about one third of
the power in the wind that strikes the rotor. The
blades on a wind turbine look something like a
propeller and are linked to a generator that
converts movement to energy. Wind is an almost
infinite resource that costs nothing and creates
no pollution. See principle ?
84
WIND POWER PRINCIPLE
85
FAIR WINDS FOR SWEDISH WIND POWER
There is considerable wind power potential in
Sweden and the political message is to develop
wind power in the country. Discussions are in
progress about the expansion of groups of wind
power farms. The planning will involve about 15
large wind power farms, each with about 100 wind
turbines. Swedens large expanses of land, such
as the inland areas in the north, are ideal sites
for wind power. The environments are remote, far
from recreational areas and communities and the
sites are not classified as conservation
areas. Sweden is currently running an extensive
test project with the objective of running
plug-in hybrid cars on wind turbine generated
electricity. The Swedish automotive industry has
demonstrated keen interest in the project.
86
WIND IS A CLEAN AND ECO-FRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCE

• Wind power has many advantages from the
  environmental standpoint the raw material is
  renewable and requires no alterations to the
  environment.
• Very limited environmental impact
• Production causes no environmentally harmful
  emissions
• There are no hazardous residual products and
  final storage is not required
• There are no fuel costs involved in production
• Production requires no transport of raw
  materials
• A standard wind turbine produces more energy in
  less than six months than it took to manufacture
  it

87
WIND POWER IS A RAPIDLY GROWING ENERGY RESOURCE
Total global production is still small, which
gives wind power huge growth potential.
Leading producers believe wind power will
account for 10 of total world power production
by 2015. Right now, Swedish wind power covers
about 1 of the countrys total power
consumption. Once the planned new production is
operational, wind power will account for one
third of Swedens electricity consumption. Wind
power already covers 20 of electricity
consumption in Denmark. In 30 years, an estimated
half of all electricity will be generated by wind
power turbines. Development is also advancing
very rapidly in countries like Germany, Spain and
the Netherlands.
88
LILLGRUND THE WORLDS THIRD-LARGEST OFFSHORE
WIND PARK
Lillgrund is by far the biggest offshore wind
power project in Sweden. The project, implemented
by the Swedish energy company Vattenfall, is
going to yield knowledge that large-scale
offshore wind power works in purely technical and
financial terms, which will pave the way for
future projects.   The farm consists of 48
turbines with total output of 110 MW. Total
production in a normal year is estimated at 385
GWh.
89
A SELECTION OF SWEDISH WIND POWER COMPANIES

• Technology Development
• SW Vindkraft AB
• DynaWind AB
• Components
• VG Power
• Roxtec
• SKF
• ABB
• ESAB

90
SCANWIND
ScanWind Group AS designs, manufactures and sells
large wind turbines with minimum output of 3 MW.
ScanWind has developed a technique adapted to
withstand very rough wind and weather conditions.
The type of wind turbines currently in mass
production are direct-drive turbines with
installed output of 3.5-5 MW for both onshore and
offshore applications. ScanWind Group AS is
Norwegian-owned. The head office is in Trondheim,
Norway and the RD department is in Karlstad,
Sweden. Business direction Developing wind
power technology for rough wind conditions and
large turbines. At a glance Annual sales SEK 8
million (2005) Contact details www.scanwind.com
91
DYNAWIND AB
DynaWind AB is a Swedish manufacturer of wind
turbines adapted to our Nordic climate. DynaWind
is part of the Swedish industrial group Morphic
Technologies AB, an expansive Swedish company
intent on becoming a leader in competitive,
eco-friendly energy systems. A great deal of the
wind power operations at the company are run in
partnership with a Finnish company, WinWinD. The
partnership agreement gives DynaWind exclusive
rights to WinWinDs unique turbine technology in
the Swedish market. Business direction Manufactu
ring of wind turbine masts. At a glance Annual
sales SEK 33 million (2006) Contact details
www.dynawind.se
92
VG POWER AB
VG Power has developed a new Swedish direct-drive
generator that cuts the price of wind power a
key factor in stimulating expansion. Conventional
generators are heavy which makes them costly.
VG Power has solved the problem with a patented
technology that reduces the weight by up to 70,
which could potentially cut the price of the
generator in half. Business direction Direct-driv
e generators with no gearbox At a glance Annual
sales SEK 92 million (2006) Contact details
www.vgpower.com
93
ROXTEC
Roxtec is the world's single largest manufacturer
of module based cable and pipe seals. The core of
the product invention is the Multidiameter
Technology. Founded in 1990, Roxtec became one of
the most rapidly growing companies of its kind in
less than a decade. Roxtecs Multidiameter
Technology makes it possible to seal cables and
pipes in a wide range of diameters with only a
few sizes of seals. Installations can always be
finished on-site because the Multidiameter units
compensate for any surprises or last-minute
changes. Business direction Technical solution
for safe laying of cables, pipes, etc. At a
glance Annual sales SEK 372 million
(2005) Contact details www.roxtec.com
94
SKF
SKF has become a major supplier to the wind power
sector, having developed key elements of the
turbine itself. Business direction One of the
worlds foremost manufacturers of bearings. At a
glance Annual sales SEK 50 billion
(2006) Contact details www.skf.com/portal/skf_se/
home
95
ABB
ABB is a world leader in power and automation
technology. Business direction ABB does not make
rotor blades. Or steel masts. But ABB does make
almost everything else required to produce and
transport wind-generated electricity into the
power grid. With a long list of products, systems
and services, ABB is the worlds largest supplier
of wind power solutions. At a glance Annual
sales SEK 21.6 billion (2005) Contact details
www.abb.se
96
ESAB
ESAB develops welding and cutting equipment used
to manufacture wind turbines. Business
direction More than a century of steady research,
development and sales has made ESAB a world
leader in welding and cutting, as well as a
multinational supplier of products, know-how and
service. At a glance Annual sales SEK 9
billion (2006) Contact details www.esab.se
97
WIND POWER IS GROWING GLOBALLY
Wind power is the source of energy that is going
to make the primary contribution to reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases. Expansion is
expected to increase by 25 a year for the next
several years. There is tremendous potential
for wind power in Sweden. The expansion rate is
on par with the rest of the world, meaning that
by 2015, about ten new wind turbines will be
built every week. Offshore wind power will have
to be exploited to accomplish a truly major
expansion.
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99
LIGHTING
100
LED A LITTLE HIGH-TECH POWERHOUSE
LED Lighting Emitting Diode is a young
lighting technology that emerged in the 2000s,
but is developing at warp speed. In another ten
years or so, it is highly likely that most of our
indoor and outdoor lighting will be powered by
LED technology.
101
LED A LITTLE HIGH-TECH POWERHOUSE
LEDs are semiconductors that directly convert
electric current to light. The diodes emit
colored light red, orange, yellow, green or
blue. White light is created using a special
LED technology and is becoming more common all
the time.
102
NORDIC LIGHT INSPIRES DEVELOPMENT

• The Scandinavian winter is long and dark, and
  Scandinavians perhaps have a greater need than
  others for artificial light. It only makes sense
  that Sweden is a clear front-runner in the
  lighting segment, with regard to both research
  and manufacturing.
• Swedish companies have developed a very useful
  technical platform for LED that is built into
  outdoor lighting fixtures. As an added bonus, the
  new LED fixtures costs less than conventional
  fixtures.
• Jönköping University has been offering a degree
  in lighting design and planning for several years
  now.
• Sweden has an abundant supply of professional
  lighting planners working as consultants in the
  lighting industry and large municipalities.
• Quite a few Swedish manufacturers of lighting
  fixtures have a historic tradition of exporting
  good lighting solutions.

103
LED SUPERIOR LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY

• LED is an entirely new generation of lighting
  technology that is set to revolutionise the world
  in the next ten years. The technology has
  superior competitive advantages compared to
  low-energy light bulbs and incandescent bulbs.
• LEDs have a lifetime of about 100,000 hours a
  hundred times longer than a conventional light
  bulb.
• The diodes are extremely energy efficient. About
  50 of the energy in an LED is expended as light.
  In an ordinary light bulb, about 95 of the
  energy is expended as heat and only 5 as light.
• LED lamps do not get as hot as halogen lamps.
  That makes LED lighting ideal for bookshelves and
  other cramped spaces that should not be allowed
  to overheat.
• LEDs can withstand major temperature variations,
  providing an enormous range of applications,
  since installations are not affected by the
  climate or the season.
• LEDs contain no environmentally hazardous
  substances like lead or mercury.

104
LED THE LIGHT SOURCE FOR THE FUTURE

• The minimal size of only a few millimetres wont
  stop LEDs from becoming the technological
  lighting revolution of tomorrow.
• LED technology has come a long way fast. Once
  used only in displays, it is now being used as a
  complete lighting alternative, indoors and out.
• Within 10-15 years, a significant percentage of
  lighting around the world will be based on LED
  technology.
• The technology is being continuously refined and
  LED lighting is getting better and more efficient
  all the time, in terms of both lighting and
  energy.

105
A SELECTION OF SWEDISH LIGHTING COMPANIES

• Olsson Linder
• Johnsson Lighting Technologies

106
OLSSON LINDER
Olsson Linder is a consulting company working
within the lighting services area including
design of armatures. Business direction Olsson
Linder also offers lectures, workshops and
educations customized to each customer needs. A
few examples of areas for lectures Lighting
and room Lighting in the city Lighting within
green areas (parks) At a glance Contact details
www.olssonlinder.se
107
JOHNSSON LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
Johnsson Lighting Technologies design and
planning offers total solutions within the
lighting services area. Business direction JLT
customize each lighting system, as well as the
application, according to the requirements of the
user. This process includes the analysis of the
customers specific needs prior to the building
and installation of a system. JLT has developed a
unique platform for application of the new LED
(Light Emitting Diode) technology JLT Quad LED
System JLT White LED System LED Systems are
suitable for Shops, restaurants and hotel
environments. At a glance Contact details
www.jltsweden.com
108
A REVOLUTION IN LIGHTING
LED is an entirely new generation of lighting
technology that emerged in the 2000s and is set
to revolutionise the world in the next ten years.
LEDs pack a lot of power despite their minimal
size and are making many novel applications
possible. Development is swift and there are
great expectations of a breakthrough in the near
future, when LEDs are going to revolutionise the
indoor lighting market.