Dr. Ken Van Treuren

1
EGR 4347 - Analysis and Design of Propulsion
Systems

• Dr. Ken Van Treuren
• Department of Engineering
• Baylor University

2
BEGINNINGS

• Date 17 December 1903
• Location Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

3
Faster -- Higher -- Farther
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Prevailing Thoughts

• In its present state, and even considering the
  improvements possible in adopting the higher
  temperatures proposed for the immediate future,
  the gas turbine could hardly be considered a
  feasible application of airplanes, mainly because
  of the difficulty in complying with the stringent
  weight requirements imposed by aeronautics.
• National Academy of Sciences - Late 1930s

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Sir Frank Whittle (1941)
W.1
Gloster E28/29 Experimental Aircraft
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Hans von Ohain (1937)
HeS 3B
He 178
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1940s
Jumo 004 Worlds 1st mass produced turbojet
http//www.soton.ac.uk/aeroastr/4projects/Genesis
/Level2/Engines/Jumo4.htm
ME 262
http//www.iag.net/emccann/models/me262rec.htm
8
1950s
J-79
http//www.seattleu.edu/jmatt/pictures/J79.gif
F-4E
http//www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/research/fighter/f4
e-18.jpg
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1960s
TF-39
http//www.seattleu.edu/jmatt/pictures/TF39.gif
C5A
http//www.primenet.com/gbe/Midway/C5A_Galaxy.htm
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1970s
F100
F-15
http//www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/modern_flight/mf21b
.htm
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1980s-1990s
F-119
F-22
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1990s - 2000s
YF-120, with axisymmetric vectoring nozzle
http//www.aeroworldnet.com/fth15.htm
JSF
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2002
Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)
X-43, Hypersonic Research Vehicle
http//popularmechanics.com/popmech/sci/tech/9709T
UMIAM.html
Predator, Medium Altitude Endurance UAV
Dark Star, LO High Endurance UAV
Global Hawk, High-Alt Long Endurance Aerial
Recon UAV
http//www.fas.org/irp/agency/daro/uav95/gifs/pred
comp.gif
http//www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.ht
m
http//defenselink.dtic.mil/photos/Feb1997/970220-
D-0000G-001.html
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2002
Space Launch Initiative (SLI)
Airbus A-380
Aviation Week Space Technology, April 1,
2002, p28
Aerospace Engineering, March 2001, p7
Boeing Sonic Cruiser
Aviation Week Space Technology, April 15,
2002, p69
B-X Supersonic Quiet Bomber
M400 Skycar
Mechanical Engineering, May 2001, p96
Aviation Week Space Technology, May 6, 2002,
p28
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(No Transcript)
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Basic Turbine Engine Components
Compressor
Turbine
Nozzle
Combustor
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Turbojet

• Advantages
• Few Moving Parts
• Large Operating Envelope
• Static Thrust
• Small Frontal Area
• Disadvantages
• Large Number of Parts
• Expensive
• Low Thrust at Low Mach
• High noise
• High TSFC
• Application - broad range
• Small Mass to High Velocity

J-79
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Turbojet - Applications
SR-71
Harpoon (TJsolid fuel booster)
F-4
Concorde
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Low Bypass Ratio Turbofan

• Advantages
• Few Moving Parts
• Large Operating Envelope
• More Static Thrust
• Better Subsonic TSFC
• FOD protection of HPC
• Large Afterburner Possible
• Low Noise
• Disadvantages
• Large Number of Parts
• Expensive
• Medium Frontal Area
• Engine Response
• Air Start
• Application - medium mass to medium velocity

F100
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Low Bypass Ratio Turbofan - Applications
YF-22
Tomahawk Cruise Missile
UCAV
JSF
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High Bypass Ratio Turbofan
GE-90
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High Bypass Ratio Turbofan - Applications
A-10
KC-10
C-5A
777
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Turboprop/Turboshaft
T-800

• Advantages
• Few Moving Parts
• Large Operating Envelope
• Best Static Thrust
• Best Low Subsonic TSFC
• Constant RPM Possible
• Low Noise
• Propeller Reverse
• Disadvantages
• Large Number of Parts
• Expensive
• Complex Gearbox
• Large Frontal Area
• Propeller Governor
• Application - Low Mach (Large mass to low
  velocity)

T-56
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Turboprop/Turboshaft - Applications
Saab 2000
C-130
V-22
RAH-66 Comanche
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Ramjet/SCRAMjet

• Advantages
• No moving parts
• Simple
• Inexpensive
• Small frontal area
• Disadvantages
• No accessory drive
• Optimized for design condition
• No static thrust
• Application High Mach
• Bomarc missle
• Future missles

Liquid Propellant Ramjet
Solid Fuel Ramrocket at Launch - Rocket Mode
SCRAMjet (StrutJet)
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Ramjet/SCRAMjet - Applications
Fasthawk
Hyper -X
Bomarc
D-21 Drone
Hypersoar
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Principles of Jet Propulsion - Engine Performance
Installed Performance Thrust, T Thrust Specific
Fuel Consumption, Uninstalled Performance Thrust,
F Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption,
Installation losses Inlet Drag, Dinlet Nozzle
Drag, Dnozzle Relationships T F - Dinlet -
Dnozzle F(1-finlet - fnozzle) TSFC S/
(1-finlet - fnozzle)
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Principles of Jet Propulsion - THRUST
Direction of Movement
Escaping Air
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Principles of Jet Propulsion - THRUST
S F

Note Momentum M mV
Force mass x acceleration
Net thrust change in momentum
pressure force at exit
Thrust is therefore produced when air exits the
engine faster than when it entered.
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Principles of Jet Propulsion - THRUST
From a thermodynamic perspective, the engines
job is to convert chemical energy of the fuel
into kinetic energy of the air passing through
the engine. The following engine components
enable this energy conversion and determine the
efficiency at which this conversion takes
place INLET - Converts kinetic energy of
entering air into a pressure rise by decelerating
the flow COMPRESSOR - Increases air pressure to
increase combustion cycle efficiency COMBUSTOR -
Add chemical energy to the air to provide power
to the turbine and to produce desired
thrust TURBINE - Extracts energy from the hot
gases to drive the compressor and aircraft
accessories EXHAUST DUCT AND NOZZLE - Collects,
straightens, and accelerates the air
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Basic Turbine Engine Components - Schematic
Numbering
Gas generator
HPT High-pressure turbine LPT Low-pressure
turbine
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Static Temperature and PressureVariations
Through Engine
Static Pressure (psia)
Static Temperature (R)
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Engine Types
Turbojet - large velocity change Low Bypass Ratio
Turbofan - large velocity change increased mass
flow High Bypass Ratio Turbofan - very large mass
flow small velocity increases Turboprop -
energy extracted by a low pressure turbine drives
a gear box which runs a prop. Large mass flow,
very small velocity change through
prop Turboshaft (similar to turboprop) - runs a
rotor or power producing shaft Ramjet - Mgt1
applications, large mass flow small velocity
increase SCRAMjet - Mgt5 applications, very large
mass flow small velocity increase
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Engine Performance Characteristics
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Engine Performance Characteristics