LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS (LAHSO)

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LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS (LAHSO)
2
PURPOSE

• Establishes air traffic control procedures to
  increase airport capacity without compromising
  safety.

3
IMPLEMENTATION

• On April 11, 1997, the FAA expanded and replaced,
  Simultaneous Operations on Intersecting Runways
  (SOIR) with LAHSO (FAA Notice 7110.199).
• The LAHSO procedures presented in this program
  became effective on August 14, 2000.

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AGREEMENT

• Between the FAA (ATC) and the Local Airport
  Authority
• Outlined in FAA Notice 7110.118.
• Available on the web at www.faa.gov/ats/ato/repo
  rts/lahso199.doc

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BACKGROUND

• Notice sets standards for
• LAHSO intersecting runway
• LAHSO intersecting taxiway
• LAHSO approach/departure flight path
• LAHSO of a pre-determined point

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DEFINITIONS

• LAND AND HOLD SHORT Is the practice of
  conducting simultaneous operations on two
  intersecting runways. LAHSO includes landing
  operations to hold short of an intersecting
  runway, taxiway, predetermined point, or an
  approach or departure path.

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DEFINITIONS

• REQUIRED LANDING DISTANCE
• AFM/POH distance plus 1,000 feet
• Payload 6,000 lbs or greater or 20 seats or more,
  add 60 to AFM distance.

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DEFINITIONS

• AVAILABLE LANDING DISTANCE (ALD) That portion
  of the runway available for landing and rollout
  for an aircraft cleared to Land and Hold Short.
  This distance is measured from the landing
  threshold to the hold-short point. ATC is
  required to provide ALD on the ATIS, and when
  requested.

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DEFINITIONS

• DRY RUNWAY A dry runway has no visible moisture
  on the runway surface, to include standing water,
  ice, snow, slush, or frost in any form. LAHSO
  may be authorized on wet runway surfaces, but not
  contaminated runways.

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DEFINITIONS

• Hold short point - A point on the runway beyond
  which a landing aircraft with a LAHSO clearance
  is not authorized to proceed.
• Land and Hold Short Signs are red and white
  holding position signs located alongside the hold
  short point.

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DEFINITIONS

• Land and Hold Short Lights are six or seven
  in-pavement, pulsing white lights at the LAHSO
  hold short point.

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DEFINITIONS

• Mixed Operations - LAHSO conducted between an air
  carrier and any other type of aircraft operation.

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DEFINITIONS

• Mixed LAHSO operations shall be permitted at such
  time that adequate pilot training on these
  procedures is accomplished.
• Notification of completed training will be made
  by an Air Traffic GENOT.

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DEFINITIONS

• LAHSO between general aviation and general
  aviation is allowed.

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DEFINITIONS

• REJECTED LANDING A rejected landing is when the
  PIC elects to go-around having determined that a
  full stop landing at the hold short point is not
  assured due to an emergency situation, unsafe
  condition on the runway, or the aircraft is not
  properly configured to complete a stop in the ALD.

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DEFINITIONS

• REJECTED LANDING PROCEDURE
• A rejected landing procedure is a published,
  predetermined heading and/or altitude assignment
  to be used in the event of a rejected landing.
  Pilots are expected to execute the standardized
  procedure for protection from conflicts.

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DEFINITIONS

• REJECTED LANDING PROCEDURE (contd)
• Will be published in FDC Notams, in NOS or
  Jeppesen charts.

18
DEFINITIONS

• STABILIZED APPROACH CONCEPT This concept is
  based on the pilots ability to maintain a stable
  speed, descent rate, vertical flightpath, and
• aircraft configuration
• during the final
• approach.

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DEFINITIONS

• Vertical Guidance - Visual or electronic glide
  slope (e.g., precision approach path indicator
  (PAPI) or visual approach slope indicator (VASI).

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WAIVERS

• No waivers will be issued.

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GA SPECIALREQUIREMENTS

• Student pilots conducting solo operations shall
  not participate in LAHSO.

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GA SPECIALREQUIREMENTS

• Experimental aircraft for which no certificated
  landing data is available shall not participate
  in LAHSO.

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PLANNING

• Preflight planning - PIC shall become familiar
  with LAHSO information for each airport of
  intended landing (14 CFR SECTION 91.103).
• In-flight planning - PIC shall determine LAHSO
  capability as soon as possible after notification
  (normally through ATIS).

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ATIS NOTIFICATION

• Possible announcements
• LAHSO in effect, or
• Expect landing on Runway 22 to hold short of
  Runway 27.
• ALD for the LAHSO will be included in the ATIS.

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PLANNING

• When ATIS is acknowledged, PIC will advise ATC if
  LAHSO cannot be accepted.
• A LAHSO clearance shall not be accepted if issued
  after the aircraft has descended below 1000 AGL
  on final.

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PLANNING

• The PIC has the final authority to accept or
  decline any Land and Hold Short clearance. The
  safety and operation of the aircraft remain the
  responsibility of the pilot.
• The PIC is expected to decline a LAHSO clearance
  if he or she determines it will compromise safety.

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WEATHER MINIMUMS

• For Part 91 operations, the weather minima for
  LAHSO are
• Ceiling not less than 1000
• Visibility not less than 3 sm
• Not authorized if windshear has been reported
  within previous 20 minutes
• LAHSO will not be conducted to any runway where a
  tailwind exists.

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REQUIRED LANDING DISTANCES FOR LAHSO

• The PIC is responsible for determining the
  required distance for LAHSO and that it does not
  exceed the ALD.
• The landing distance will be the FAA approved
  AFM/POH landing distance over a 50 obstacle,
  plus 1, 000 feet for the configuration,
  environment, and actual weight.

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MINIMUM DISTANCES

• The minimum distance required to conduct LAHSO
  will be 2,500 feet of the ALD on the hold short
  runway. The distance will be measured from the
  landing threshold to the hold short point.

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VISUAL AIDS

• Runway hold short position markings shall be
  installed and clearly visible at all hold short
  points,
• There shall be only one designated hold short
  point per operational direction on a runway.

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VISUAL AIDS

• Runway hold short position signs shall be
  installed at each hold short point and shall be
  located on both sides of the runway.

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LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS

• Land and Hold Short Lights shall be installed.
• Land and Hold Short lights are required for all
  LAHSO except non-air carrier to non-air carrier
  runway/runway daytime LAHSO.

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VERTICAL GUIDANCE

• Air carrier and/or mixed LAHSO are only
  authorized on a runway that has electronic or
  visual glide slope indicator.
• Air carrier and/or mixed nighttime LAHSO may only
  be conducted with visual glide slope indicator.

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VISUAL AIDS

• Markings and signs published in the AIM.
• Note During mixed operations when full runway
  lengths will be periodically available,
  in-pavement hold short lights will be ON at all
  times.

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MEL CONSIDERATIONS

• LAHSO is prohibited if the airplane is subject to
  any minimum equipment list item that affects the
  stopping capability of the airplane.

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REJECTED LANDINGS

• Once accepted, a LAHSO clearance must be
  complied with, unless the PIC determines the need
  for a rejected landing. In the event of a
  rejected landing, the pilot should maintain safe
  separation from other aircraft and should
  promptly notify ATC.

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REJECTED LANDINGS

• A rejected landing must be initiated within the
  first third of the ALD or 3,000 feet, whichever
  is less.
• Heading and/or altitude assignments must be flown
  as published until directed otherwise by ATC.

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AIRPORTS WITH REJECTED LANDING PROCEDURES

• Baltimore-Washington Intl
• Washington Dulles
• New York JFK
• New York LaGuardia
• Pittsburgh Intl
• Cleveland Hopkins
• Minneapolis-St Paul

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AIRPORTS WITH REJECTED LANDING PROCEDURES

• Chicago OHare
• Windsor Locks
• Boston Logan
• Nashville Intl
• Ft Lauderdale-Hollywood
• Miami Intl
• Tampa-St Petersburg

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TRAINING

• Before any pilot operating an aircraft of less
  than 6,000 pounds payload and/or 20 seats or less
  under 14 CFR Part 91 can conduct LAHSO, the
  required LAHSO knowledge-based training must
  be completed.

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TRAINING

• Inspectors, DPEs and CFIs, are responsible to
  ensure that applicants for practical tests have a
  basic knowledge of LAHSO procedures.

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TRAINING

• IF YOU TEST IT, THEY WILL TEACH IT.

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TRAINING

• 14 CFR Part 91 operators shall, using one or more
  of the Knowledge Based Training Methodologies
  outlined below, become completely familiar with
  and have a good basic understanding of LAHSO
  procedures prior to accepting a LAHSO clearance.

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TRAINING

• 1. Review pertinent sections of the AIM to
  include the basic LAHSO definitions.
• 2. Attendance at FAA and/or industry safety
  education seminars that include LAHSO as an
  emphasis topic.

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TRAINING

• 3. Successful completion of the flight review
  which contains procedural guidance on LAHSO
  operations and
• 4. Successful completion of a flight instructor
  refresher clinic that includes guidance on LAHSO
  operations.

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TRAINING

• KNOWLEDGE-BASED TRAINING INCLUDES
• 1. LAHSO guidance contained in AIM and this
  bulletin
• 2. Land and hold short concept with emphasis on
  reduced runway availability, stabilized approach
  criteria, and touchdown point accuracy

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TRAINING

• Required landing distance (as per 14 CFR section
  91.103(b)) will be the distance as determined
  from the FAA-approved AFM or POH over a 50-foot
  obstacle plus 1,000 feet.
• The computation is based upon the aircraft
  configuration, environment, and the actual
  landing weight.

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TRAINING

• Sample problem for a reciprocating engine, light
  twin aircraft operating under FAR part 91
• A/C landing weight, 5,039 pounds, OAT 25 degrees
  C, wind component of 9.5 knots, and no runway
  slope.

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TRAINING

• 1. Total landing distance over a 50-foot obstacle
  2,500 feet,
• 2. Add 1,000 feet,
• 3. Equals the required landing distance of 3,500
  feet.
• 4. Unable to accept a LAHSO clearance for any
  runway that has an ALD less than 3,500 feet.

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HANDBOOK BULLETIN

• Flight Standards Information Bulletin (FSIB) for
  General Aviation (FSGA) - FSGA 99-02.
• General Aviation 14 CFR parts 91 and 125 Land and
  Hold Short Operations (LAHSO).

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LAND AND HOLD SHORT PROCEDURES (LAHSO)

• The End