BASIC DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

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BASIC DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

• TRI-CO. YOUNG FARMERS
• DECEMBER 4, 2001

Original Power Point created By Joey Wells
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office June 2002 Edited by CTAE
Resource Network February 2011
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INTRODUCTION

• THE DIESEL ENGINE IS USED AS A SOURCE OF POWER
  FOR THOUSANDS OF APPLICATIONS.

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WHO INVENTED THE DIESEL ENGINE?

• Who invented the diesel engine?
• 1895 Rudolph Diesel successfully invented an
  engine that burned coal dust injected by
  pressurized air. The diesel engine was born.

• Who developed the first mass produced injection
  pump?
• 1927 - Robert Bosch

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USES OF DIESEL ENGINES

• Today, diesel engines are used to provide power
  in a variety of applications in many industries.

There are six major uses of diesel engines
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AGRICULTURE/FARM
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TRANSPORTATION
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CONSTRUCTION
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FORESTRY
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MARINE
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ELECTRICAL GENERATION PLANTS
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ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL ENGINES

• More efficient and economical to use.
• Fuel vapor is not explosive.
• Exhaust gases are less poisonous less carbon
  monoxide.
• Greater lugging power and torque.
• Engines are durable and if properly cared for
  will maintain their economy.
• Fuel is less volatile no vapor lock problems.
• Can use a variety of fuels and mixtures.

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DISADVANTAGES OF DIESEL ENGINES

• Engines must be stronger and heavier because of
  higher compression rates.
• Initially more expensive.
• Fuel could gel in colder climates.
• Generally noisier operation.
• Very pungent exhaust odor.

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

• An engine that produces power by burning fuel
  inside a combustion chamber within the engine.

Two types of internal combustion engines
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SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
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COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
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HOW DOES A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE WORK?

• Liquid fuel broken down into a fine spray and
  mixed with air in the carburetor.
• Fuel-air mixture piped to the cylinder where it
  is ignited by an electric spark from the spark
  plug.

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HOW DOES A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE WORK?

• No spark is needed.
• Liquid fuel under very high pressure is injected
  directly into the cylinder which is filled with
  highly compressed air.
• Ignition begins when the fuel hits the air that
  is at a temperature of 777 F.

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WHAT DOES A COMPRESSION RATIO OF 161 MEAN?

• The air in a cylinder is compressed into 1/16 the
  space at the top of the stroke as compared to the
  bottom of the stroke.

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HOW IS ENGINE SPEED CONTROLLED IN A DIESEL ENGINE?

• The throttle control regulates only the amount of
  fuel injected into the cylinder.
• The throttle control in a gasoline engine
  regulates the amount of air/fuel mixture allowed
  into the cylinder.

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HOW ARE DIESEL ENGINES STOPPED?

• By shutting off the fuel to the cylinders by a
  manual control or solenoid switch.
• Gasoline engines are stopped by cutting off the
  spark from the spark plugs to the cylinders.

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HOW AN ENGINE WORKS
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WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC PARTS OF ANY ENGINE?
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NAME THE TWO BASIC TYPES OF ENGINES

• FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
• TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

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WHAT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS MAKE UP A CYCLE

• WHAT IS A STROKE?
• ONE MOVEMENT OF THE PISTON

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DIFFERENCES IN STROKES DIESEL ENGINE VS.
GASOLINE ENGINE

• INTAKE
• AIR VS. AIR/FUEL MIXTURE
• COMPRESSION STROKE
• COMPRESSION RATIO
• POWER STROKE
• SPARK PLUG VS. HEAT OF COMPRESSION
• EXHAUST STROKE
• SAME FOR BOTH

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TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES
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TWO STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINE

• Stroke 1
• The upstroke of the piston compresses the
  air/fuel mixture. (Compression stroke)
• At the same time, a new air/mixture is drawn into
  the crankcase. (Intake stroke)
• Stroke 2
• The downward stroke (Power stroke) of the piston
  causes the burned gases to escape through the
  exhaust port. (Exhaust stroke).
• New fuel/air is forced into the cylinder.

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TWO-STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINES
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DIESEL AND GASOLINE TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
DIFFERENCES

• Diesel engines inject fuel into the cylinder
  through a fuel injector.
• A blower is often used to force air into the
  cylinder.
• Diesel engines have exhaust valves, Gas engines
  have a port.

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TWO-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
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BASIC PARTS OF THE DIESEL AIR SYSTEM
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THREE TYPES OF AIR CLEANERS

• OIL-BATH TYPE CLEANER
• PRE-CLEANER
• DRY-TYPE AIR CLEANER

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THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
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THE FIVE BASIC PARTS OF A DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM

• INJECTION NOZZLES
• INJECTION PUMP
• FILTERS
• TRANSFER PUMP
• FUEL TANK

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THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
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• Diesel fuel, like gasoline is a product of the
  distillation of crude oil.
• 100 Gallons of crude oil will yield
• Gasoline 44 Gallons
• Diesel Fuel 36 Gallons
• Misc. 9 Gallons
• Kerosene 6 Gallons
• Lubricants 3 Gallons
• Loss 3 Gallons

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WHAT ARE THE THREE GRADES OF DIESEL FUEL?

• NUMBER 1 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 1-D)
• Recommended for cold weather. Remains fluid for
  easier starting.
• Buses, cars, trucks, farm tractors
• NUMBER 2 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 2-D)
• Heavy workloads.
• Buses, trucks, farm equipment
• NUMBER 4 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 4-D)
• Ocean going vessels with low-medium speed
  engines.

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THE DIESEL COOLING SYSTEM
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LIQUID COOLING ENGINE
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AIR-COOLED DIESEL ENGINE
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• Effects of Engine Overheating
• Cylinder head and block can crack or wrap.
• Rings and valves may seize or stick due to gums,
  lacquers, and varnishes forming from overheated
  oil and carbon formation.
• Bearings may be damages causing excessive wear.

• Effects of Engine Overcooling
• Increased engine wear
• Improper lubrication
• Increased fuel consumption
• Increased sludge formation
• Increased engine corrosion
• Moisture condenses if below 140F in the engine
  crankcase.

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AIR-COOLED ENGINES

• Advantages
• Less weight
• Less maintenance
• Less down-time
• No cavitation erosion
• No coolant concerns
• More efficient use of power
• Less vulnerable to damage
• Less bulk
• Quicker warm-up

• Disadvantages
• Length of the engine
• Less temperature control
• Higher operating temperatures
• Greater noise
• More frequent cleaning

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THE DIESEL LUBRICATION SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS OF THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

• Reduces shock, wear, and friction.
• Seals compression.
• Provide some cleaning.
• Helps cool the engine.
• Quiets the engine operation.

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WHAT IS VISCOSITY?

• A measure of a liquids resistance to flow.
• Higher temperature decrease in viscosity
• Society of automotive engineers (SAE) developed
  numbering system.

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WHAT ARE THE VISCOSITY GRADES?
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API ENGINE OIL SERVICE CATEGORIES

• AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
• TABLE 1 (HANDOUT)

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WHAT ARE THE THREE MOST COMMON OIL ADDITIVES?

• OXIDATION INHIBITORS
• CORROSION AND RUST INHIBITORS
• DETERGENT DISPERSANTS

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HOW DO DETERGENT ADDITIVES WORK?
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PRINCIPLES OF FLUID HYDRAULICS
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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ON A TRACTOR
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PASCALS LAW OF HYDRAULICS

• Pressure on a liquid in a container is
  transferred equally to all surfaces.

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PRESSURE TRANSFER IN HYDRAULIC BRAKES
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CHANGING THE PRESSURE IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM