Antiseptics ,Disinfectants

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Antiseptics ,Disinfectants
By , Dr Ekta Nigam, Dr. PRASHANT,

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INTRODUCTION

• PRESENTATION ON VARIOUS ANTISEPTICS AND
  DISINFECTANTS USED IN DAILY LIFE AND
• DESCRIBING ABOUT THEIR USES,ADVANTAGES,
  DISADVANTAGES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS.

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ANTISEPTICS

• CHEMICALS FOE DESTRUCTION , INHIBITION OF
  MICROBES IN LIVING TISSUES.
• PREVENT HARMFUL EFFECT OF INFECTION.

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DISINFECTANTS

• CHEMICALS FOR DESTRUCTION,REMOVALOF MICROBES ON
  INANIMATE OBJECTS.
• HAVE CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT ACTIONS.
• GROWTH INHIBITING ,DIRECT LETHAL.

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IDEAL ANTISEPTICS

• CHEMICALLY STABLE.
• NON-STAINING WITH AGREEABLE COLOR AND ODOUR.
• CIDAL NOT STATIC,DESTROYS SPORES.
• RAPID IN ACTION.
• ACTIVE IN PRESENCE OF BLOOD, PUS,EXUDATES AND
  EXCRETA.
• NON-IRRITATING TO TISSUES,SHOULD NOT DELAY
  HEALING.
• NON ABSORBABLE,PRODUCE MINIMUM TOXICITY.

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MECHANISM OF ACTION

• OXIDATION OF BACTERIAL PROTOPLASM.
• DENATURATION OF BACTERIAL PROTEINS AND ENZYME.
• DETERGENT ACTION INCREASING PERMEABILITY OF
  BACTERIAL MEMBRANE.

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FACTORS MODIFYING ACTION

• TEMPERATURE AND pH.
• PERIOD OF CONTACT WITH MICROBES.
• NATURE OF MICROBES INVOLVED.
• SIZE OF INNOCULUM
• PRESENCE OF BLOOD,PUS,OR ORGANIC MATTER.

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POTENCY

• PHENOL COEFFICIENT OR RIDEAL WALKER COEFFICIENT.
• DEFINED AS RATIO OF MINIMUM CONC. OF TEST DRUG
  REQUIRED TO KILL A 24 HOUR CULTURE OF B.TYPHOMA
  IN 7.5 MINS AT 37.5 DEGREE CELSIUS TO THAT OF
  PHENOL.

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THERAPEUTIC INDEX

• COMPARES THE CONCENTRATION AT WHICH ANTISEPTICS
  ACTS ON MICROBES AND
• CONCENTRATION AT WHICH IT PRODUCE LOCAL
  IRRITATION, TISSUE DAMAGE OR INTERFERE WITH
  HEALING.

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CLASSIFICATION

• PHENOL DERIVATIVES PHENOL,CRESOL,RESORCINOL,CHLOR
  OXYLENOL,HEXACHLOROPHENE.
• .HALOGENS IODINE,IODOPHORES,CHLORINE,
  CHLOROPHORES
• BIGUANIDECHLORHEXIDINE
• OXIDIZING AGENTS POT.PERMAGNATE,HYDROGEN
  PEROXIDE,BENZOYL PEROXIDE

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• QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (CATIONIC)
  CETRIMIDE,CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE,BENZALKONIUM
  CHLORIDE.
• SOAPS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM.
• ALCOHOLS ETHANOL, ISOPROPANOL.

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• ALDEHYDES FORMALDEHYDE ,GLUTARALDEHYDE.
• ACIDS BORIC ACID,ACETIC ACID.
• METALLIC SALTS AMMONIATED MERCURY,ZINC
  SULFATE,CALAMINE,ZINC OXIDE , PHENYL MERCURIC
  NITRATE, SILVER SULFADIAZINE

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PHENOL DERIVATIVES

• PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID)
• WEAK AGENT,STATIC AT 0.2,CIDAL ATgt1,POOR
  ACTIONS ON BACTERIAL SPORES.
• PROTOPLASMIC POISON.
• DENATURES BACTERIAL PROTEINS.
• USES DISINFECTION OF URINE,FAECES PUS,SPUTUM,
  ANTIPRURITIC PREPARATIONS.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS BUCCAL,ESOPHAGEAL,GASTRIC
  BURNS,RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS.

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• CRESOL
• A METHYL PHENOL.
• USES DISINFECTION OF UTENSILS, EXCRETA,AND FOR
  WASHING HANDS.
• CHLOROXYLENOL
• NON- CORROSIVE, NON-IRRITATING TO INTACT SKIN.
• COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONDETTOL
• (4.8 SOLN)9 TERPINOL,13 ALCOHOL,
• 0.8 CREAM SOAP,1.4 LUBRICATING OBSTETRIC
  CREAM.
• USESSURGICAL ANTISEPTICS

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• HEXACHLOROPHENE
• POTENT CHLORINATED PHENOL.
• INHIBIT BACTERIAL ENZYMES-BACTERIAL LYSINS.
• ODOURLESS, NON-IRRITATING.
• USES ANTISEPTICS FOR SURGICAL SCRUB, TOILET
  PRODUCTS DEODRANTS.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS,BRAIN
  DAMAGE.

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OXIDIZING AGENTS

• POTASSIUM PERMAGNATE
• HIGHLY WATER SOLUBLE.
• OXIDIZES BACTERIAL PROTOPLASM.
• USES 14000-110,000 SOLN (CONDYS LOTION),FOR
  GARGLING,DOUCHING,IRRIGATING CAVITIES,DISINFECTION
  OF WATER, GASTRIC LAVAGE.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS BURNS,BLISTERING.

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• BENZOYL PEROXIDE
• LIBERATE OXYGEN,KILLS ANAEROBIC,MICROAEROPHILIC
  BACTERIA.
• KERATOLYTIC AND COMEDOLYTIC PROPERTIES.
• USES ACNE,ANTISEPTICS.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS BURNING, STINGING
  SENSATION,LOCALIZED ERYTHEMA,DRYNESS OF
  SKIN,SCALING EDEMA.

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HALOGENS

• IODINE
• RAPID ACTION,BROAD SPECTRUM
• MICROBICIDAL AGENT, IODINATES AND OXIDIZES
  MICROBIAL PROTOPLASM.
• USES 1. 120,000 , SOLN KILL VEGETATIVE FORM,
  
• 1.TINCTURE IODINE 2 FOR ALCOHOL
• 2.MANDELS PAINT 1.25 IN POT .IODIDE FOR SORE
  THROAT.
  
• 3.NON-STAINING IODINE OINTMENT
  ANTISEPTICS,COUNTER IRRITANT.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS CORROSIVE,BURNS,BLISTERS, RASHES.

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• IODOPHORES
• SOLUBLE COMPLEX OF IODINE.
• RELEASE FREE IODINE.
• USES POVIDONE IODINE (POLYVINYL
  PYRROLIDONE),NON-IRRITATING,NONTOXIC,FOR
  BOILS,FURUNCULOSIS,BURNS,OTITIS EXTERNA,
  ULCER,VAGINITIS,SURGICAL SCRUBBING,DISINFECTION
  OF ENDOSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS.

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• CHLORINE
• HIGHLY REACTIVE.
• POTENT GERMICIDE.
• USES DISINFECTION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLIES.
• CHLOROPHORES
• COMPOUND RELEASES HYPOCHLOROUS ACID.
• TYPES1.CHLORONATED LIME (BLEACHING POWDER)
• USES DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER,SWIMMING
  POOLS,SANITIZER FOR PRIVIES.

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• 2.SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLN
• USES(4-6)DISINFECTANT IN DAIRIES FOR MILK
  CANS,EQUIPMENTS,ANTISEPTIC,ROOT CANAL THERAPY.
• 3.DAKIN SOLN DILUTE SOD. HYPOCHLORITE BUFFERED
  WITH BORIC ACID.
• 4.EUSOL CHLORINATED LIME 1.25BORIC ACID.
• USES DISSOLVING PUS,BLOOD CLOTS,NECROTIC
  MATTER,CLEAN INFECTED WOUNDS
• 5.CHLORAMINE-T ORGANIC CHLOROPHORE
• 6.HALAZONECHLORAMINE,AS SANITIZER

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BIGUANIDES

• CHLOROHEXIDIENE
• POWERFUL,NON-IRRITATING ANTISEPTICS.
• DISRUPTS BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE.
• ACTIVE AGAINST GRAM VE.
• USES SURGICAL SCRUB,NEONATAL BATH,MOUTHWASH,
  OBSTETRICS SKIN ANTISEPTICS.

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QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (CATIONIC ANTISEPTICS)

• DETERGENTS, CIDAL TO BACTERIA,FUNGI VIRUSES.
• ALTER PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE.
• SOAP NEUTRALIZES ACTIONS, ALCOHOL POTENTIATES.
• NON-IRRITATING,MILD KERATOLYTIC.
• USES SANITIZERS,ANTISEPTICS, DISINFECTANT FOR
  SURGICAL INSTRUMENT,GLOVES.

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• CETRIMIDE
• SOAPY POWDER WITH FAINT ,FISHY ODOUR.
• USES CLEANING DIRT,GREASE,TAR, CONGEALED BLOOD
  (ROAD ACCIDENTS),AS ANTISEPTIC IN HOSPITAL,
  DISINFECTANT FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS.
• SOAPS
• ANIONIC DETERGENTS,WEAK ANTISEPTICS.
• AFFECT GRAM BACTERIA.
• USED FOR CLEANSING ACTION.

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ALCOHOLS

• ETHANOL
• EFFECTIVE ANTISEPTIC
• CLEANSING AGENT AT 40-90 CONC.
• RAPIDITY OF ACTION INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN
  CONC.
• IT PRECIPITATES BACTERIAL PROTEINS.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS BURNING SENSATION,INJURY,FORM
  COAGULUM FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH.

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ALDEHYDES

• FORMALDEHYDE
• DENATURES BACTERIAL PROTEINS.
• PROTOPLASMIC POISON.
• PRECIPITATES TOXOID OUT OF TOXINS.
• USES DISINFECTION OF INSTRUMENTS,
  EXCRETA,PRESERVATION OF DEAD TISSUES.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS ECZEMATOID REACTIONS.
• GLUTARALDEHYDE STERILIZING AGENT.
• LESS IRRITATING ,LESS PUNGENT.
• USES DISINFECTION OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS,ENDOSCO
  PES.

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ACIDS

• BORIC ACID BACTERIOSTATIC WEAK ANTISEPTICS,
  NON IRRITATING.
• USES IRRIGATING EYES, MOUTHWASHES,
  1.BOROGLYCERINE PAINT(30)-STOMATITIS,GLOSSITIS.
• 2.BOROCIDE (10) CUTS AND ABRASION, PRICKLY
  HEAT POWDERS,EAR DROPS,IRRIGATING BLADDER.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS VOMITING,ABDOMINAL PAIN,
  DIARRHOEA,VISUAL KIDNEY DAMAGE.
• ACETIC ACID BACTERIOCIDAL FOR BURN DRESSING.

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METALLIC SALTS

• MERCURY COMPOUNDS
• BACTERIOSTATIC, POOR ANTISEPTICS.
• LOW THERAPEUTIC INDEX.
• INACTIVATES SH-ENZYMES.
• 1.AMMONIUM MERCURY 5-10 OINTMENT,DERMATOPHYTOSIS
  , ANAL PRURITIS.

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• 2.PHENYL MERCURIC NITRATE
• USES IN TINEA REMEDIES,ANORECTAL PREPARATIONS,
  OTIC, OCULAR PREPARATIONS PRESERVATIVES.
• MERBROMIN
• BRIGHT RED, ORGANIC MERCURIAL.
• NON-IRRITATING LESS TOXIC.
• USES 1-2 FOR EYES AND SKIN.

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SILVER COMOUNDS

• ASTRINGENT CAUSTIC.
• REACT WITH -SH,-COOH,-PO4,-NH2 PROTEINS.
• SHOWS OLIGO DYNAMIC ACTION REDUCES Ag CONC. IN
  STORED WATER IN SILVER VESSEL.

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• 2.SILVER NITRATE
• RAPIDILY KILLS MICROBES.
• FORMS SILVER PROTEINATE WITH TISSUE
  PROTEINS-TOXIC ACTION.
• USES HYPERTROPHIED TONSILITIS, APTHOUS ULCER.
• SILVER SULFADIAZINE
• HIGHLY ACTIVE.
• USES AS OINTMENT IN BURNS.

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ZINC SALTS

• ASTRINGENT MILD ANTISEPTICS.
• 1.ZINC SULFATE WATER SOLUBLE.
• DECREASES PERSPIRATION.
• USES EYE EAR DROPS,EYE WASH, WHITE LOTION 4
  (ZINC SULFATESULFATED POTASH)- FOR ACNE AND
  IMPETIGO.
• 2.CALAMINE ZINC OXIDE INSOLUBLE
• MILD ANTISEPTIC.
• USES DERMAL PROTECTIVES,ADSORBANTS.

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DYES

• 1.GENTIAN VIOLET (CRYSTAL VIOLET)
• ROSANILINE DYE.
• ACTIVE AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCI,GRAM VE BACTERIA.
• USES ALCOHOLIC SOLN (0.5) FOR FURUNCULOSIS, BED
  SORES, CHRONIC ULCERS,INFECTIVE ECZEMA
  THRUSH,RINGWORM.
• BRILIANT GREEN ROSANILINE DYE.

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• ACRIFLAVIN AND PROFLAVIN
• ORANGE-YELLOW ACRIDINE DYES
• ACTIVE AGAINST GRAM VE BACTERIA GONOCOCCI.
• SENSITIVE TO LIGHT LOSE EFFICACY.
• USES CHRONIC ULCERS,WOUNDS, BURN DRESSINGS,
  TRIPLE DYE LOTION-GENTIAN VIOLET 0.25BRILIANT
  GREEN 0.25 ACRIFLAVIN 0.1 FOR BURNS.DRESSING
  IN UMBILICAL STUMP IN NEONATES.

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FURAN DERIVATIVES

• CIDAL FOR GRAM VE GRAM VE,AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
  BACTERIA.
• INHIBITS ENZYMES FOR CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM.
• EFFICACIOUS IN BURNS,SKIN GRAFTING.

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