Chapter 17: non-renewable energy

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Chapter 17 non-renewable energy

• Energy Use and Consumption Unit

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Crude Oil

• Location (world) Middle East (OPEC 78) The
  Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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Crude Oil

• Location (US) Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Coast (3 of
  world reserves)

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Crude Oil

• So how long do we think it will last?
• US reserves 10-48 years.
• World reserves 42-93 years

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Crude Oil

• Advantages Abundant, convenient, cheap
• Disadvantages Dependant on foreign oil, running
  out, emissions, pollution, at current rate, we
  will run out in 53 years!

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Crude Oil

• Conventional oil/light oil what we use pumped
  from ground
• Heavy crude oil Oil that is difficult to pump
  out currently not recovered
• Oil sand (tar sand) mixture of clay, sand, water
  and bitumen. Could be used, but has high sulfur
  content
• Shale oil can be extracted from oil shale rock.
  Low quality oil

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Natural Gas

• Location (world) Russia (31), Middle East (36)

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Natural Gas

• Location (US) (3) Gulf coast, above crude oil

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Natural Gas

• So how long do we think it will last?
• US reserves 55-80 years
• World Reserves 62-125 years

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Natural Gas

• Advantages Can be transported easily, lower
  pollution than other fossil fuels, high energy
  yield
• Disadvantages running out, greenhouse gas
  released, explosive
• (especially in liquid form)

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Natural Gas

• LPG liquefied petroleum gas (LP). For rural
  areas where natural gas lines arent run. Propane
  and Butane mixed.

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Coal

• Location (world) China, Russia

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Coal

• Location (US) (25 of world supply) Eastern
  areas of US Montana, Utah, Arizona and southern
  areas of midwest

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Coal

• So how long do we think it will last?
• US Reserves 300 at current rates (64 years with
  4 increase)
• World Reserves400 years if new reserves are
  found and current rate of usage

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Coal

• Advantages most abundant fossil fuel, high
  energy, US has large supply
• Disadvantages health concerns, high pollution
  when burned, high in sulfur, releases mercury

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Coal
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Coal

• Can be converted into synthetic natural gas
  (SNG), but the process releases more CO2 than
  burning coal does.
• Low quality coal is often burnt with high
  emissions mercury, sulfur, CO2
• Different types of coal Lignite, Bituminous,
  Anthracite, Peat

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Coal Types
Increasing heat and carbon content
Increasing moisture content
Peat (not a coal)
Lignite (brown coal)
Bituminous Coal (soft coal)
Anthracite (hard coal)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and
bogs low heat content
Low heat content low sulfur content limited
supplies in most areas
Extensively used as a fuel because of its high
heat content and large supplies normally has
a high sulfur content
Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat
content and low sulfur content supplies are
limited in most areas
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Nuclear Energy

• Location (world) France, Sweden, Russia Location
  (US) Mostly east of the Mississippi River

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Nuclear Energy

• So how long do we think it will last?
• US reserves undetermined. No new reactors have
  been ordered since 1978 and all ordered after
  1973 were cancelled. Power plant lasts only about
  60 years
• World Reserves 1000-8000 (breeder reactors)

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Nuclear Energy

• Advantages Large fuel supply, moderate land use,
  moderate/low pollution
• Disadvantages subject to terrorist attack,
  weapon-grade, LONG storage of waste.

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Radioactive Waste

• Must be stored for 10,000 (closed fuel cycle) to
  240,000 years (open fuel cycle)

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A once through (or open) fuel cycle
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Step 1

• Uranium is mined, enriched and manufactured to
  nuclear fuel which is delivered to a nuclear
  power plant.

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Step 2 and 3

• After usage in the power plant the spent fuel is
  delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to final
  repository (3) for permanent storage in a safe
  place, such as inside rock.

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Step 4

• In reprocessing 95 of spent fuel can be recycled
  to be returned to usage in a power plant.

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Radioactive Waste

• Storage ideas
• Bury underground
• Shoot to space or sun
• Bury on stable area of ocean floor (prohibited by
  law)
• Change into less harmful isotopes

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Radioactive Waste

• Storage ideas
• Bury under Antarctic Ice Sheet, Greenland ice cap
  (prohibited by law)

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Radioactive Waste

• Storage ideas
• Dump into oceanic subduction area (prohibited by
  law)

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Radioactive Waste

• Storage ideas
• Yucca Mountain Desert storage

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TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE IN MICHIGAN
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Breeder Reactors

• Fissionable U-235, Pu-239
• Commonly found U-238, non fissionable
• Takes non-fissionable Uranium and converts it to
  fissionable Plutonium (add 2p and remove 1n)
• Advantages/Disadvantages to be presented by
  classmates

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Fusion

• D-T fusion possible at 100,000,000oC
  (180,000,000oF)
• No CO2 emissions, infinite fuel supply, no melt
  down concerns, no weapon grade radioactive
  materials, waste would only need stored 100 years
  or so.
• Still only experimental earliest use in 2030,
  2100 more likely