Solid Waste Management

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Solid Waste Management

• David M. CrohnDepartment of Environmental
  SciencesUniversity of California, Riverside

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U. S. Waste Disposal
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AB939

• AB 939 Requires 50 diversion of waste to
  beneficial uses by the end of this year (2000)

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U. S. Waste Production
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U. S. Waste Production
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U. S. Waste Production
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United States MSW, 1996
USEPA, 1998
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California MSW Disposal and Diversion
CIWMB, 2000
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AB 939 and California MSW Diversion
CIWMB, 2000
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Shasta County

• West Central Landfill
• Managed by City of Redding
• 17 years permitted space
• 65 years potential space
• Abernathy Lane Compost Facility
• 1998 diverted 38 of waste stream
• Also Anderson Landfill
• Commercial
• Managed by Waste Management, Inc.
• Co-Generation Facility

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Why Compost?

• To eliminate disease organisms
• Animal
• Plant
• Human
• To produce a stable soil amendment
• Nutrients
• Odors

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Why Use Compost?

• To control disease
• To hold nutrients
• To promote good aeration
• To manage water
• To replace more expensive materials

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Concerns Are Manageable

• Communicates disease?
• Immobilizes nutrients?
• Weeds?
• Trash?
• Phytotoxicity?
• Uncertain fertilizer potential?

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Aerobic Processes
Microbes, Carbon, Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide, Water, Compost, Heat
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Air Movement
CO2, H2O
O2
O2
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Problems Are Avoidable

• Composts should be
• Heated thoroughly
• Well-cured
• Screened to
• Proper particle size
• Clear trash

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Typical Compost Composition
Compost Type N () P2O5 () K2O () OM () pH Salts (dS) Bulk Density (lbs/yd3)
Yard Trimming .7-2 1 1 40-60 6-8 0-8 800-1,500
Biosolids 1-2 1 .5-1 50-70 6-8 0-5 800-1,100
Poultry Litter 1-4 1-2 1-2 40-60 5-8 0-5 700-1,200
Cow Manure 1 1 1 30-50 6-8 0-5 700-1,000
Hog Manure 1 1 1 35-55 6-8 0-8 700-1,000
Mushroom 1-2 1 1 45-65 6-9 0-20 800-1,300
MSW 1 1 1 40-70 6-9 0-10 600-1,100
Composting Council, 1996
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California Compost Quality Council (CCQC)
Parameters

• Permitted (metals, pathogens, and ash standards)
• Feedstocks Used
• Moisture
• Organic matter
• Salinity
• Bulk density
• pH
• Particle size

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Biosolids Metals Limits

• Ceiling Cum.
  Clean Container
• Conc. Load
  Conc. Limit
• Pollutant mg/kg kg/ha mg/kg
  kg/ha-yr
• Arsenic 75 41 41 2.0
• Cadmium 85 39 39 1.9
• Copper 4300 1500 1500 75
• Lead 840 300 300 15
• Mercury 57 17 17 .85
• Molybdenum 75 - 18 .90
• Nickel 420 420 420 21
• Selenium 100 100 36 5.0
• Zinc 7500 2800 2800 140

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Restrictions on Class B Amended Soils

• For 1 month
• no harvesting of food, fiber, or seed crops
• no grazing of animals
• no public access (low exposure areas)
• For 1 year
• no turf harvesting for high exposure areas
• no public access (high exposure areas)

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Restrictions on Class B Amended Soils (contd)

• For 14 months
• no harvesting of aboveground food crops with
  sludge contact
• For 20 months
• no harvesting of below-ground food crops if
  sludge is on ground more than 4 months
• For 38 months
• no harvesting of below-ground food crops if
  sludge is on ground less than 4 months

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Conclusions

• California does not face an immediate crisis
• Depends on cooperation of Agriculture to meet its
  needs