Human Response to Threat, Stress, and Anxiety

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Human Response to Threat, Stress, and Anxiety

• NUR 210
• Nursing Concepts, Processes, and Skills

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General Adaptation SyndromeGAS

• Hans Selye (1947(
• Stressors Internal and External stimuli that
  cause stress
• Internal originate inside a person
• External originate outside a person

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STRESS

• Any situation in which a nonspecific demand
  requires an individual to respond or take action

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HOMEOSTASIS

• Bodys adaptive mechanism to adjust to change and
  maintain equilibrium
• Physiological control
• nervous
• endocrine
• Adaptation change in response
• self-regulatory
• automatic
• negative feedback

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MAJOR MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION

• Medulla Oblongata
• Reticular Formation
• Pituitary Gland

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MODELS OF STRESS

• Response-Based
• Adaptation
• Stimulus-Based
• Transaction-Based

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RESPONSE_BASED MODEL

• Selyes GAS model
• Stress nonspecific response to a stressor
• Physiological response
• Does not consider individual responses

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ADAPTATION MODEL

• Experience stress/anxiety when unable to cope
  with a stressful event
• FOUR FACTORS
• ability to cope with stress
• practice/norms of peer group
• ability of social environment to assist
• what resources are available to help

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STIMULUS_BASED MODEL

• Holmes and Rahe (1976)
• Focuses on disturbing/disruptive events within an
  environment
• No flexibility, does not allow for individual
  differences in perception and response

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TRANSACTION-BASED MODEL

• Lazarud and Folkman (1984)
• Persons and environment dynamic/interactive
  relationship
• Individual perceptional response rooted in
  psychological and cognitive process
• beliefs
• perception of control
• uncertainty

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RESPONSE TO STRESS

• Physiological functioning
• Personality
• Behavioral characteristics
• Nature of the stressor
• Influenced by
• intensity, scope, duration
• and nature of other stressors
• predictability

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES

• Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)
• response of a body tissue, organ, etc. to the
  stressor
• reflex pain response
• inflammatory response
• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
• a defense response of the whole body to stress
• alarm reaction
• resistance stage
• exhaustion stage

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RESPONSES TO STRESS

• Psychological response
• Developmental factors
• Intellectual factors
• Emotional Behavioral Issues
• Family factors
• Lifestyle issues
• Sociocultural issues
• Spiritual considerations

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ASSESSMENT

• Physiological indicators
• Psychological indicators
• Developmental indicators
• Emotional Behavioral indicators
• Intellectual indicators

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ASSESSMENT

• Family indicators
• Lifestyle indicators
• Sociocultural indicators
• Spiritual indicators

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NURSING DIAGNOSIS

• Requires the presence of appropriate defining
  characteristics
• Identify the probable etiology for the problem

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PLANNING

• Select nursing interventions to promote
  adaptation to stress
• Consult
• Involve client, family and peers
• Identify community resources

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IMPLEMENTATION

• Health Promotion
• time management, exercise, diet, rest, support
  system
• Acute Care
• crisis intervention
• Restorative Care
• humor, enhancing self-esteem, relaxation
  techniques, spirituality, stress management
  workshops

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EVALUATION

• Reassess presence of new or recurring stress
  related problems/symptoms
• Determine if change in care promoted the clients
  adaptation to stress
• Ask of the clients expectations are being met