PROGRESSIVE AMERICA

1
PROGRESSIVE AMERICA

• Unit VC
• AP United States History

2
Fundamental Question

• To what extent was the progressive movement
  progressive?

3
Development of ProgressivesProblems and Solutions

• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Commercialism and Consumerism
• Laissez-faire Policies
• Radicalism
• Upper-Class
• Lower-Class
• Social Darwinism

• Middle Class
• Social Gospel
• Populism
• Education and Academics
• Journalism and Literature

4
Muckrakers

• Purpose
• Exposure of urban problems and political and
  economic corruption and exploitation
• Targets
• monopolies/trusts/corporations (steel, oil,
  railroads)
• political bosses and machines
• poor living and working conditions (tenements)
• Mainstream
• Mass media (newspapers, magazines)
• Journalists and Authors
• Upton Sinclairs The Jungle
• meat-packing industry
• Jacob Riiss How the Other Half Lives
• Tenement living
• Ida Tarbells Mother of Trusts
• Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust
• Lincoln Steffenss The Shame of the Cities
• Municipal corruption

5
Progressive Social Reforms

• Educational Reforms
• Establishment of comprehensive and compulsory
  education
• Merit-based and college-educated teachers
• Professional Reforms
• Social Work
• Movement to professional and educated reformers
  and therapists
• Medicine and Health
• National standards and practices
• American Bar Association (1900)
• Families
• Eugenics
• Improved and limited population through selective
  breeding
• State laws forbidding marriage and allowing
  sterilization
• Applied primarily to disabled and immigrants

6
Progressive Social ReformTemperance to
Prohibition

• Anti-Saloon League (1895)
• the Church in action against the saloon
• Pressure politics
• Grassroots campaigning and mass media
• Coalition included Democrats, Republicans,
  suffragists, KKK, industrialists, IWW, NAACP,
  Progressives, Populists, Protestants, American
  Catholics
• Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
• Prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and
  transportation of alcohol
• Volstead Act

7
Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Unions

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905) aka
  The Wobblies
• Mother Jones, Big Bill Haywood
• one big union
• Platform
• an injury to one is an injury to all
• Industrial unionism
• All inclusive membership
• Direct Action
• Strikes, boycotts, propaganda, violence
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
• Labor not commodity or commerce
• Limited court injunctions and applying antitrust
  to unions

Labor Union Membership, 1897-1920
8
Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Strikes

• Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)
• 147,000 miners strike
• President Theodore Roosevelt mediates
• Victory for union and membership soared
• Lawrence Textile Strike (1912)
• IWW organized 23,000 worker strike
• Media used to appeal to public sympathies
• Ludlow Massacre (1914)
• Led to political, corporate, and public support
  for labor unions and worker demands

9
Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working Hours

• Lochner v. New York (1905)
• 10-hour day/60-hour week unconstitutional in
  violation of right to contract per 14th Amendment
• Muller v. Oregon (1908)
• Limited working hours for women based on health
  and maternity
• Ford Motor Company
• Doubled pay to 5/day and 8-hour work days
• Profits and productivity increased
• Adamson Act (1916)
• Established 8-hour work day and overtime pay for
  railroad workers

10
Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working
Conditions

• National Consumers League (1899)
• Opposed sweatshops, child labor
• Promoted food inspection and consumer safety
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
• 146 garment workers killed
• Led to massive push for worker/factory safety
  regulations and accident insurance

11
Progressive Labor ReformsChild Labor

• By 1900, 1.7 million 5-10 year olds (1 in 6) were
  wage earners
• National Child Labor Committee (1904)
• Keating-Owen Act (1916)
• Prohibited interstate shipment of goods
  manufactured or processed by child labor
• Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)
• Federal regulation of child labor not within
  Congresss interstate commerce power
• Only states could establish child labor laws
  through intrastate commerce

12
Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

• Supreme Court
• Civil Rights Cases of 1883
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
• Segregation may be practiced by private
  individuals and businesses
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• Established separate but equal
• Jim Crow Laws
• Established by white Redeemer state governments
• Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson
• Segregated public facilities and accommodations
• Disenfranchisement
• Grandfather clauses
• Poll taxes
• Literacy tests

13
Progressive Social ReformsBlack Americans -
Booker T. Washington

• Advocated economic progress to secure civil
  rights
• Tuskegee Institute (1881-1915)
• Vocational institution, primarily teaching
• Atlanta Compromise (1895)
• In the South, blacks would submit to white
  political rule in exchange for education and due
  process of law
• Up From Slavery (1901)
• Depicted his struggle and rise from slavery to
  educational leader
• White House Dinner
• First black person ever invited to a White House
  dinner with Theodore Roosevelt
• White reaction and backlash
• "I am just as much opposed to Booker T.
  Washington as a voter as I am to the
  cocoanut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little
  coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither
  is fit to perform the supreme function of
  citizenship." Mississippi Governor James K.
  Vardaman

14
Progressive Social ReformBlack Americans -
W.E.B. Du Bois

• Advocated social and political equality to secure
  economic progress
• Niagara Movement (1905)
• Opposed disenfranchisement and segregation
• Dismissed accommodation and pursued more direct
  action and struggle
• National Association for the Advancement for
  Colored People (NAACP) (1909)
• A group of blacks and whites, males and females
  established an effective civil rights organization

15
Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

• Lynchings
• Typically occurred during economic recessions due
  to financial stress and poor lifestyle
• Ida B. Wells
• Muckraking articles and pamphlets to expose
  lynchings against blacks in the South
• We of the South have never recognized the right
  of the negro to govern white men, and we never
  will. We have never believed him to be the equal
  of the white man, and we will not submit to his
  gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters
  without lynching him. - Senator Ben Tillman
  (D-SC), 1900
• Great Migration (1910-1930)
• Escape segregation, disenfranchisement, lynchings
• 1.6 million Southern blacks migrated to Northeast
  and Midwest cities

16
The Great Migration
17
Progressive Social ReformsWomen

• Women and the Workplace
• Careers
• Domestic servants, garment workers, teachers,
  secretaries, operators
• Reforms
• Less working hours
• Child labor laws
• Womens Trade Union League (1903)
• Temperance
• Moral responsibility to improve society
• Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

18
Progressive Social ReformsWomen Suffrage

• Supporters
• Young women
• Inspiration from female social reformers and 19th
  century leaders
• Political Progress
• Frontier life promoted equality among women
• Western states fuel suffrage movement
• Jeanette Ranking (R-MT) first woman elected to
  U.S. House (1916)
• Organizations
• National American Woman Suffrage Association
  (NAWSA) (1900)
• Carrie Chapman Catt
• National Womens Party (1916)
• Stronger Tactics
• Alice Paul and Lucy Burns
• Picketing, parades, hunger strikes
• Silent Sentinels

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Suffrage by States
20
Nineteenth Amendment

• The right to vote cannot be denied based on
  sex/gender
• Ratified August 18, 1920
• 9 southern states did not ratify until 1941-1984
  after originally rejecting it
• Legacy
• League of Women Voters
• Develop political efficacy among women
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
• Equal opportunity, pay, recognition, and benefits

21
Progressive Social ReformsImmigration

• Gilded Age Legislation
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Immigration Act of 1882
• Excluded lunatics, idiots, convicts, disabled
• Progressive Era Legislation
• Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903)
• Gentlemans Agreement (1905)
• Desegregate California schools for Japanese
  children
• Japan prevents further emigration of unskilled
  laborers
• Naturalization Act of 1906
• Required English for citizenship
• Dillingham Commission (1907-1911)
• Southern and Eastern Europeans threatened
  American character
• Recommended literacy requirements
• Immigration Act of 1917
• Extended list of undesirables (homosexuals,
  alcoholics, illiterate)
• Asiatic Barred Zone

22
Asiatic Barred Zone
23
Migration
24
Progressive Political ReformDirect Democracy

• Purpose
• Limit the corruption and influence of patronage,
  political machines, and big business
• Secret ballots (Australian ballot)
• Polling places inundated with corrupt tactics
• All candidates printed on ballots
• Vote in privacy at assigned polling place
• Established in all states by 1891
• Direct primaries
• Eliminate practice of electing candidates through
  political bosses
• Government of the People
• Initiatives
• Petition of enough voter signatures to force an
  election
• Referendums
• Legislative proposals determined by electorate
• Recalls
• Remove elected officials through local/state
  elections

25
Seventeenth Amendment

• Issues
• State legislature corruption
• Electoral deadlocks
• Direct Election of Senators
• Ratified May 1913
• Most southern states did not ratify
• Impact
• Favored Democrats
• Progressive reforms passed easier

26
Progressive Political ReformLocal/Municipalities

• Assert more control and regulation of public
  utilities and services
• To limit political machine control and corruption
• Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation
  services, municipal services, public schools
• Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential)
• Social laws and reforms against red-light
  districts
• Local Governments
• Galveston Plan
• Commissioners and councils directly elected
• Dayton Plan
• City managers hired as non-partisan administrators

Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Inspired
social and municipal reform
27
Progressive Political ReformStates

• Reforms
• Direct primaries
• Business regulations
• Tax reforms
• Suffrage
• Temperance
• State wages
• Insurance plans
• Child labor laws

• Wisconsin Idea
• Robert LaFollette
• Influence and Application of Education on
  Politics
• Primary elections
• Progressive taxes
• Workers compensation
• Regulation of railroads
• Limit or eliminate monopolies and trusts
• Supported direct election of senators

28
Fourth Party System (1896-1932)

• Democrats
• Coalition
• Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants,
  working class
• Laissez-faire policies
• Spearheaded progressive reforms
• New Freedom
• Socialist Party of America
• Coalition
• German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former
  Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers
• Elections
• Two members of U.S. House
• Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council
  members
• Eugene V. Debs
• Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920
• Received over 900,000 votes in 1912 and 1920

• Republicans
• Dominated the federal government
• Coalition
• Industrialists, corporations, upper-class,
  fundamentalists, Northeast
• Assumed progressive reforms
• Nationalists and Imperialists
• Bull Moose Party
• aka Progressive Party
• New Nationalism

29
William McKinley (R)(1897-1901)

• Economy
• Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899)
• Economic expansion
• Gold Standard Act/Currency Act (1900)
• Established gold standard, ending bimetallism
• Foreign Affairs
• Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
• Spanish-American War (1898)
• China
• Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
• Assassination
• September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY
• Leon Czolgosz - anarchist
• Died September 14

30
Election of 1900

• A rematch of the Election of 1896
• Republicans
• William McKinley
• Booming economy, Spanish-American War victory,
  overseas territories
• Theodore Roosevelt as VP very popular choice
• Democrats
• William Jennings Bryan
• Campaigned on bimetallism and anti-imperialism

31
Theodore Roosevelt (R)(1901-1909)

• Assumes office after McKinley assassination
• Square Deal
• Trustbuster
• Business Regulation
• Conservation
• Coal Strike of 1902
• Panic of 1907
• Big Stick Policy
• Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Corollary

32
Election of 1904

• Republicans
• Theodore Roosevelt
• Democrats
• Alton B. Parker
• Conservative Democrat
• Socialist Party
• Eugene V. Debs

33
Roosevelt Trustbuster

• Good Trusts Bad Trusts
• A Stronger ICC
• Elkins Act (1903)
• Prohibited rebates
• Hepburn Act (1906)
• Standardized railroad accounting
• Northern Securities Co. v. United States (1904)
• Broke up a railroad holding company financed by
  J.P. Morgan
• Would have monopolized the railroad industry
• Department of Commerce and Labor (1903)
• Consumer Protection
• Strengthened and publicly supported by muckraking
  investigations
• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and
  drugs
• Meat Inspection Act (1906)
• Prohibited misleading labels
• Prohibited harmful chemicals

34
Roosevelt Conservationist

• 230,000,000 acres under protection during
  Roosevelts administration
• Gifford Pinchot
• U.S. Forest Service
• Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
• Federal promotion of irrigation in western states
• Antiquities Act (1906)
• National Conservation Commission (1908)
• National Park Service (1916)
• Preservationists
• John Muir and Sierra Club

35
National Parks
36
Election of 1908

• Republicans
• William Howard Taft
• Hand-picked by Roosevelt
• Democrats
• William Jennings Bryan
• Shall the People rule?

37
William Howard Taft (R)(1909-1913)

• Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
• Federal graduated income tax
• Progressive Legislation
• Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
• ICC adds regulation over communication utilities
• Department of Labor (1911)
• Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United
  States (1911)
• Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman
  Antitrust Act
• Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved
• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (1909)
• Conservative Policies
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
• U.S. Chamber of Commerce (1912)
• Dollar Diplomacy

38
Election of 1912

• Republicans
• William Howard Taft
• Conservative Republicans and Progressive
  Republicans (Insurgents)
• Bull Moose Party
• Theodore Roosevelt
• New Nationalism
• executive regulations of industries and social
  justice
• Democrats
• Woodrow Wilson
• New Freedom
• regulate business to promote competition and
  small businesses
• Socialist Party of America
• Eugene V. Debs

39
Woodrow Wilson (D)(1913-1921)

• Progressive Amendments
• Seventeenth Amendment direct election of
  Senators
• Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition
• Nineteenth Amendment Womens suffrage
• Progressive Legislation and Policies
• Underwood Tariff (1913)
• Reduced tariff rates and increased progressive
  tax rates
• Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• Central banking system and regulation of monetary
  policy
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)
• Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
• Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers
• Adamson Act (1916)
• Eight-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad
  workers
• Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
• Competitive low-interest loans for farmers
• World War I
• Fourteen Points and League of Nations

40
Progressive Business Regulation

• Pujo Committee and Louis Brandeis
• Other Peoples Money
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)
• Demand annual reports
• Investigate complaints
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
• Prohibited interlocking directorates
• Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies
• Held corporate officers personally responsible
  for anti-trust violations
• Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court
  injunctions

41
Federal Reserve System and Central Banking

• Reasons
• Panic of 1907
• Pujo Committee
• Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• The Fed
• Decentralized national banking system
• Banks Bank
• Federal Reserve Board
• President appointed with Senate consent
• Monetary Policy
• Expansionary and Contractionary
• Open-Market Operations
• Reserve Requirement/Ratio
• Discount rates
• 12 national financial districts
• Sound and flexible currency

42
Election of 1916

• Republicans
• Charles Evan Hughes
• Only Supreme Court Justice nominated as
  presidential candidate
• Democrats
• Woodrow Wilson
• First Democrat to be elected to consecutive term
  since Jackson

43
Progressive Era Culture

• Commercialism and Consumerism
• On advertising, firms spent 95 million in 1900
  to 500 million in 1920
• Market research and sampling
• Standard clothes sizes and styles
• Yellow Journalism
• Leisure Time
• Causes
• Decreased working hours
• Higher average wages
• Convenience and Infrastructure
• Entertainment
• Jazz
• Evolution of blues and ragtime
• Improvization
• Louis Armstrong
• Records
• Dance halls
• Movie theaters
• Birth of a Nation (1915)