Confined Space Entry

1
Confined Space Entry
2
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Overview
• ANSI Z117.1 Standard
• Types of Confined Spaces
• Citations
• No testing of atmosphere
• No rescue provisions
• No retrieval device for confined spaced greater
  than 5 feet deep

3
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Confined Spaces come in all shapes and sizes!

4
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
5
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
6
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• The tragic loss of life occurred when confined
  space rules were not enforced by the employer.

7
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Wasau, Wisconsin
• Lack of Oxygen in sewer
• Rusty hand rails should have tipped them off!!

8
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
9
CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM

• CONFINED SPACE FATAL ACCIDENTS -
• 35 Supervisor or Higher
• 64 Did not need to enter
• 66 Water / Wastewater / Sewer / Construction
• 78 Oxygen deficient or IDLH toxic
• 95 No confined space training
• 100 No (or inadequate) powered ventilation
• 100 No instrument at site (to measure hazardous
  atmosphere)

10
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Major Points
• Written plan of action for rescue is required.
• Ventilation is necessary if there is the
  potential for atmosphere to move out of the
  acceptable range.
• ANSI governs construction, some contractors need
  to look at 1910.119/146 for general industry.

11
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Fatalities
• Excavations, manholes, foundations, underground
  vaults, grain elevators and sewer pipes are
  examples of deadly areas
• NIOISH report from 1993-1996
• 276 Incidents
• 234 deaths
• 193 injuries
• Half of those killed were rescue personnel

12
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Is it a confined space?
• Is it a permit required confined space?
• Adds a new meaning to Special Delivery!

13
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES

• SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND
• LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT AND
• NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY

14
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES

• Requires a Permit if
• HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
• ENGULFMENT HAZARD
• CONFIGURATION HAZARD
• ANY RECOGNIZED SERIOUS HAZARD

15
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES
16
Categorizing Work Spaces

• Confined space
• Restricted means of entry/exit
• Large enough for employee to enter work
• Not designed for continuous occupancy
• Permit required confined space
• Potential for hazardous atmosphere
• Potential of material engulfing worker
• Configuration that may trap worker
• Contains other recognized hazards

17
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM

• Atmospheres
• Oxygen-deficient atmosphere
• Oxygen-enriched atmosphere
• Flammable atmosphere
• Toxic gases and vapors

• Other Hazards
• Engulfment
• Falling Objects
• Temperature Extremes
• Falls / Slick/wet surfaces
• Toxic / Corrosive chemicals
• Moving parts/ equipment

18
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHEREOne slip and youre gone!

• Too much Oxygen over 23.5
• Too little Oxygen under 19.5
• Flammable atmosphere 10LEL
• Carbon Monoxide 35ppm

19
OXYGEN-DEFICIENCY
O2 Content 15-19
Effects and Symptoms (at patm) Decreased ability
to work strenuously. May impair coordination and
induce early symptoms in persons with coronory,
pulmonary, or circulatory problems. Respiration
increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired
coordination, perception, and judgment. Respiratio
n further increases in rate and depth, poor
judgment, lips blue. Mental failure, fainting,
unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips,
nausea, and vomiting. 8 min., 100 fatal 6 min.,
50 fatal 4-5 min., recovery with
treatment. Coma in 40 sec., convulsions,
respiration ceases, death.
12-14
10-12
8-10
6-8
4-6
NOTE Exposure to atmospheres containing 12 or
less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness
without warning and so quickly that individuals
cannot help or protect themselves.
(Source Compressed Gas Association Bulletin SB-2)
20
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

• Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas
• Heavier than air
• By-product of
• Carbonation
• Inerting
• Organic decay
• grain elevators, sewers, storage bins, wells
• Fermentation
• digesters, molasses pits, beer and wine vats

21
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

• Colorless, odorless gas
• Slightly lighter than air
• Chemical asphyxiant
• Primary source incomplete combustion of organic
  material
• Gasoline-fueled combustion engines

22
CONCENTRATION OF COAND SYMPTOMS
Percent ppm Effects 0.02 200 Possibly headache,
mild frontal in 2-3 hrs. 0.04 400 Headache,
frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs. occipital
after 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hrs. 0.08 800 Headache,
dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse and
possibly unconsciousness in 2
hrs. 0.16 1,600 Headache, dizziness and nausea in
20 min. collapse, unconsciousness, possibly
death in 2 hr. 0.32 3,200 Headache and dizziness
in 5 to 10 min., unconsciousness and danger of
death in 30 min. 0.64 6,400 Headache and
dizziness in 1 to2 min., unconsciousness and
danger of death in 10 to 15 min. 1.28 12,800 Imm
ediate effect unconsciousness and danger of
death in 1 to 3 min.
(Source Hamilton Hardy)
23
SYMPTOMS OF CO EXPOSURE
Percent Symptoms 0-10 Shortness of breath on
exertion 10-20 Tightness across forehead, slight
headache 20-30 Throbbing headache 30-40 Severe
headache, nausea, vomiting, collapse on
exertion 40-50 All symptoms increased, pulse
rate and breathing increased 50-70 Coma,
interrupted breathing (Cheyne-Stokes), death
Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with CO Blood
Levels
(Adapted from Dubois and Geiling)
24
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• Thermal effects (heat and cold),
• Moving machine parts
• Noise
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Fatigue while working in a confined space

25
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
By removing the hazard, it is possible to
reclassify a permit space as a non-permit
required space
26
EMPLOYER REQUIREMENTS

• Evaluate workplace
• Inform employees of
• existence, location, danger
• If employees enter
• Develop written program
• Train and educate employees

27
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Air Testing Monitor
• Full Body Harness
• Communication Equipment
• Protective Eyewear
• Protective Helmet
• Protective Boots

28
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Entry into Permit Required Spaces takes teamwork!
• Supervisor, Entrant and Attendant depend on each
  other.

29
ENTRY DUTIESSUPERVISOR

• Know space hazards consequences
• Verify emergency plans, test procedures, and
  proper equipment
• Terminate/cancel permits (upon completion or
  change
• Remove unauthorized personnel
• Ensure operation remains consistent with entry
  permit and conditions

30
ENTRY DUTIESAUTHORIZED ENTRANT

• Know space hazards and consequences
• Use appropriate PPE
• Maintain communication with attendant
• Exit ASAP on order or when hazard is observed
• Alert attendant when prohibited condition exists
  or symptoms of exposure

31
ENTRY DUTIESATTENDANT

• Perform no other duties that interfere Know
  existing potential hazards
• Summon rescue emergency service
• Keep unauthorized personnel out
• Order evacuation as necessary
• Maintain communication
• Remain outside space

32
WRITTEN PERMITS

• Valid for a specified amount of time
• Lists equipment for safe entry
• Lists atmospheric testing results
• Specifies rescue team provisions
• Signed by the site supervisor
• Identifies by name
• The supervisor
• Attendant
• Entrant

33
PERMIT SYSTEM

• Permit signed by supervisor
• Entry permits include
• Test results tester initials or signature
• Supervisor name signature
• Name of space and personnel (by duty)
• Purpose control measures in place
• Name number of rescue/emergency service
• Acceptable entry conditions
• Special equipment communication procedures

34
WRITTEN PROGRAM

• Identify and evaluate space
• Test conditions in space and monitor
• Perform testing for atmospheric hazards
• Prevention of unauthorized entry
• Establish/implement procedures practices
• Identify employee duties
• Provide, maintain, require PPE
• One attendant minimum
• Procedures for calling rescue emergency service

35
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• GAS DETECTOR
• Oxygen content
• Flammability
• Explosion potential
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Critical issues -
• Training
• Procedures
• Calibration

36
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Draw samples without entering the space!

37
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Normal Readings

38
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• Bad Reading!! Evil Reading!!
• Oxygen level too low!!
• Alarm is going off!!

39
ROLE OF ENTRANT

• Authorized to enter
• Be aware of prohibited conditions
• Use Personal Protective Equipment
• Evacuate immediately on order of attendant
• Begin self rescue in hazards
• Be alert to exposure

40
ROLE OF ATTENDANT

• Must be stationed outside to monitor
• Special training to recognize hazards
• Maintain effective contact with entrant
• You are the entrants eyes and ears
• Order evacuation in hazardous situation

41
COMMUNICATION

• Entrant and attendant must maintain contact
• Have backup communication system
• Methods
• Simple voice
• Radios
• Telephone
• Tug Signals on the cable

42
SELF-RESCUE

• At first sign or trouble notify attendant and
  begin evacuation
• Attendant notifies other workers to evacuate
• Rescue team notified if necessary

43
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

• At times a simple fan will ventilate the permit
  required confined space enough to eliminate the
  hazard

44
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
45
NON-ENTRY RESCUE

• Entrant wears a harness
• Cable attached to the harness
• Use a hand crank!
• Wristlets may be used

46
RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
47
RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
48
EMERGENCIES

• Employer responsibilities
• Rescuers provided with required PPE
• Trained to perform rescue duties
• Rescuers have authorized entrants training
• Practice rescue exercises completed yearly
• Full body harness and mechanical device

49
EMERGENCIES
Confined Space Rescue teams must practice
annually at each confined space they may provide
rescue from The employer must verify that the
rescue team can perform rescue missions!
50
TRAINING AND EDUCATION

• Knowledge skills for safe performance
• Additional training when
• Job duties change
• Change in program
• New hazard identified
• Employees job performance is deficient
• Emergency training (CPR and first aid)
• Certificate of training issued

51
NAZLAT IMARA, EGYPT

• The Domino Effect
• One worker gets in trouble
• The next worker goes to help
• A third worker goes to help...

52
"Get your facts first, and then you can distort
them as much as you please." -- Mark Twain